Superantigen bacterial

Bacterial or viral proteins linking T-cell receptors and MHC molecules through simultaneous interaction with the constant domains of all MHC class II molecules and of T-cell receptor (3-chains. Hence, superantigens are polyclonal T-cell activators most likely involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. 

Over the past 20 years, the S. aureus SEs and TSST-1 have been called superantigens . This term was first proposed in the late 1980s by Marrack and Kappler to describe microbial (bacterial or viral) proteins that activate large numbers of specific T cells versus conventional antigens. Table 3 lists the various superantigens, and their diverse microbial sources, known to date. Ey definition, interactions of superantigens with cells of the... 

T. Uchiyama K. imanishi T. Miyoshi-Akiyama, Staphyiococcai Superantigens and the Diseases they Cause. In The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 3rd ed. J. E. Alouf, M. R. Popoff, Eds. Academic Press Paris, 2006 pp 830-843. 

The bacterial toxins responsible for toxic shock syndrome are proteins that are classified as superantigens. These proteins bypass some of the steps normally involved in antigen-mediated immune response, thereby activating 5 to 30% of the T cell population, compared to 0.01 to 0.1% activated by conventional antigens. The consequence of the huge numbers of activated T cells is release of cytokines that cause capillaries to leak, resulting in many of the symptoms of the syndrome. 

In AD increased S. aureus colonization plays a fundamental role therefore, antistaphylococcal therapy is part of a successful management of the disease. Epidermal lipid deficiencies and barrier dysfunction contribute to enhanced S. aureus attachment to the skin and mediate immunological and inflammatory effects including the release of superantigens, additional exotoxins, and exoenzymes, and perhaps bacterial DNA-triggered mechanisms. Therapeutic possibilities include the use of topical antiseptics in cases of microbial-laden atopic eczema, corticosteroids, and specific antibiotic-antiseptic combinations in cases of localized superinfected atopic eczema and systemic antibiotics in cases of generalized superinfected atopic eczema.48... 

McCormick, J.K., Yarwoo, J.M., Schlievert, P.M. Toxic shock syndrome and bacterial superantigens an update. Annu Rev Microbiol 55 (2001) 77-104. 

Lavoie PM, Thibodeau J, Erard F, Sekaly RP Understanding the mechanism of action of bacterial superantigens from a decade of research. Immunol Rev 1999 168 257-269. 

Miyoshi-Akiyama T, Zhao J, Kato H, Kikuchi K, Totsuka K, Kataoka Y, Katsumi M, Uchiyama T Streptococcus dysgalactiae-derived mitogen (SDM), a novel bacterial superantigen characterization of its biological activity and predicted tertiary structure. Mol Microbiol 2003 47 1589-1599. 

Wen R, Cole GA, Surman S, Blackman MA, Woodland DL Major histocompatibility complex class Il-associated peptides control the presentation of bacterial superantigens to T cells. I Exp Med 1996 183 1083-1092. 

De Marzi M, Fernandez M, Sundbeig E, Molinero L, Zwimer N, Llera A, Mariuzza R, Malchiodi E Cloning, expression, and interaction of human T cell receptors with the bacterial superantigen SSA. Eur J Biochem 2004 271 4075 1083. 

Unnikrishnan M, Altmann D, Proft T, Wahid F, Cohen J, Fraser J, Sriskandan S The bacterial superantigen streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z is the major immunoactive agent of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Immunol 2002 169 2561-2569. 

Sriskandan S, Moyes D, Cohen J Detection of circulating bacterial superantigen and lymphotoxin-a in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Lancet 1996 348 1315-1316. 

Llewelyn M, Sriskandan S, Peakman M, Ambrozak D, Douek D, Kwok W, Cohen J, Altmann D HLA class II polymorphisms determine responses to bacterial superantigens. J Immunol 2004 172 1719-1726. 

SEs and TSST-1 share common biological properties. These include induction of high fever similar to bacterial endotoxin induction [37], lethal shock in animals resulting from excessive intravenous doses [38], enhanced host susceptibility to endotoxin lethality [39], cytokine production [40], and polyclonal T-lymphocyte proliferation as seen with superantigens (SAgs) [41],... 

Takahashi N, Kato H, Imanishi K, Miwa K, Yamanami S, Nishida H, Uchiyama T Immunopathophysiological aspects of an emerging neonatal infectious disease induced by a bacterial superantigen. J Clin Invest 2000 106 1409-1415. 

Marrack P, Winslow GM, Choi Y, Scherer M, Pullen A, White J, Kappler JW The bacterial and mouse mammary tumor virus superantigens two different families of proteins with the same functions. Immunol Rev 1993 131 79-92. 

Novick RP Mobile genetic elements and bacterial toxinoses the superantigen-encoding pathogenicity islands of Staphylococcus aureus. Plasmid 2003 49 93-105. 

The binding site of protein Fv with human immunoglobulin VH3 + was characterized by Silverman et al. [22], They demonstrated that the superantigen properties of protein Fv and those of the bacterial protein A involve binding interactions with overlapping sites in the VH3 domain. This indicated that self... 

Bueno C, Criado G, McCormick JK, Madrenas J T cell signaling induced by bacterial superantigens in Marone G (ed) Superantigens and Superallergens. Chem Immunol Allergy. Basel, Karger, 2007, vol 73, pp 161-180. 

Silverman GJ, Pires R, Bouvet JP An endogenous sialoprotein and a bacterial B cell superantigen compete in their VH family-specific binding interactions with human Igs. J Immunol 1996 157 4496-4502. 

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