Pathogenicity island

The majority of Fur-regulated gene products are involved in iron uptake. Genes for transport and biosynthesis of enterobactin have been studied in E. coli K-12 (Earhart, 1996). It is assumed that this system is found in nearly every E. coli strain. Also the ferrichrome transport system seems to have a very broad distribution. The ferric citrate transport system (fee), however, is only present in some E. coli strains and may be part of a pathogenicity island. The aerobactin and yersiniabactin biosynthesis and transport systems are not found in all E. coli strains and are integrated into pathogenicity islands (Schubert et al., 1999). The ability to utilize haem seems also to be a specific pathogenicity-related adaptation. Haem transport systems are used in the animal or human host, where transferrin and lactoferrin create an iron-poor environment for bacteria. 

Hacker J, Kaper JB. Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 2000 54 641-679. Wren BW. Microbial genome analysis insights into virulence, host adaptation and evolution. Nature Rev Genet 2000 l[l] 30-39. 

Mecsas, J., and Strauss, E. (1996). Molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence type III secretion and pathogenicity islands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2, 270—288. 

Recently, a non-fimbrial adhesin, SiiE, has been identified in S. enterica serovar T)q)himurim. Although little is known about SiiE, it has been found to mediate contact-dependent adhesion to HeLa cell surfaces (Gerlach et al., 2007). SiiE is a type 1 secretion system (TISS) secreted protein encoded m the Salmonella pathogenicity island 4 and might functionally resemble the type 1 fimbrial adhesins. More work is needed to elucidate the true role of SiiE in adherence in vivo. 

Gerlach, R. G., Jackel, D., Stecher, B., Wagner, C., Lupas, A., Hardt, W.-D., and Hensel, M. (2007). Salmonella pathogenicity island 4 encodes a giant non-fimbrial adhesin and the cognate type 1 secretion system. Cell. Microbiol. 9,1834-1850. 

Cirillo, D., Valdivia, R., Monack, D., Falkow, S. Macrophage-dependent induction of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system and its role in intracellular survival. Mol Microbiol 30 (1998) 175-188. 

Hensel, M., Shea, J., Waterman, S., Mundy, R., Nikolaus, T., Banks, G., Vazquez-Torres, A., Gleeson, C., Fang, F., Holden, D. Genes encoding putative effector proteins of the type III secretion system of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 are required for bacterial virulence and proliferation in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 30 (1998) 163-174. 

Mohapatra, N., Soni, S., Bell, B., Warren, R., Ernst, R., Muszynski, A., Carlson, R., Gunn, J. Identification of an orphan response regulator required for the virulence of Francisella spp. and transcription of pathogenicity island genes. Infect Immun 75 (2007) 3305-3314. 

Wada, A., Mori, N., Oishi, K., Hojo, H., Nakahara, Y., Hamanaka, Y., Nagashima, M., Sekine, I., Ogushi, K., Niidome, T., Nagatake, T., Moss, J., Hirayama, T. Induction of human (S-defensin-2 mRNA expression by Helicobacter pylori in human gastric cell line MKN45 cells on cag pathogenicity island. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 263 (1999) 770-774. 

S. aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPl) are approximately 15-16 kb mobile elements that encode many virulence genes, including the superantigens, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) and enterotoxins B and C (seb and sec). In the sequenced genomes of... 

Baba T, Bae T, Schneewind O, Takeuchi F, Hiramatsu K (2008) Genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman and comparative analysis of staphylococcal genomes polymorphism and evolution of two major pathogenicity islands. J Bacteriol 190 300-310 Bannerman TL, Kloos WE (1991) Staphylococcus capitis subsp. ureolyticus subsp. nov. from human skin. Int J Syst Bacteriol 41 144-147... 

Lindsay JA, Ruzin A, Ross HF, Kurepina N, Novick RP (1998) The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 29 527-543... 

Tormo MA, Ferrer MD, Maiques E, Ubeda C, Selva L, Lasa I, Calvete JJ, Novick RP, Penades JR (2008) Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island DNA is packaged in particles composed of phage proteins, J. J Bacteriol 190 2434-2440... 

Groisman, E.A., Ochman, H. 1996. Pathogenicity islands bacterial evolution in quantum leaps. Cell 87 791-794. 

Yarwood JM, McCormick JK, Paustian ML, Orwin PM, Kapur V, Schlievert PM Characterization and expression analysis of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island 3. Implications forthe evolution of staphylococcal pathogenicity islands. J Biol Chem 2002 277 13138-13147. 

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