Sun cream

Figure 9.8 depicts the spectra of a few of the more popular sunblocking compounds contained within sun creams, and shows just how effective they are. Remember, the UV region of the spectrum ends at about 400 nm. 

Figure 9.8 UV-visible spectra of some of the active (i.e. sun blocking) components within commercially available sun creams. OMC = ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate...

The mantra of sampling is to avoid introducing contamination during the sampling process. Samplers should not wear hand jewellery, and all sampling equipment must be free of contaminants and cleaned thoroughly between sample sites. Water sample analysis, in particular, involves determinations to very low concentrations and care should be taken to wash hands in the stream water first to remove any sweat or lotions (such as sun cream), and handling sample bottles must be done in such a way that the inside of bottles or lids are not touched by the hand. 

Photosensitive drugs in topical formulations can also be stabilized according to the principle of spectral overlay. Because the risk of the absorption of additives through the skin is reduced compared to oral drugs, a larger choice of suitable UV absorbers and colorants is available. Particularly, sunblockers, which are commonly used in sun creams, offer a variety of different UV spectra, which can even be combined to match the spectrum of a drug. 

Rhodia [2] has operated the first industrial application of zeolite for the acylation of anisole to para-methoxyacetophenone, which is a precursor of avobenzone (trade names PARSOL 1789, EUSOLEX 9020, ESCALOL 517, etc.) used in sun creams (Equation 14.1) ... 

Hypericum extracts are extensively used in industry for the manufacturing of cosmetics and dermatological products, such as sun creams, antiphlogistic ointments or shampoos [173]. Investigations on the anti-irritant potential of several substances commonly employed in cosmetic formulations unraveled a protective activity of an oily Hypericum extract against croton oil induced skin irritation in the rabbit [174]. A phase II clinical study has now been initiated to evaluate synthetic hypericin 1 as a topically applied, light-activated therapy for specific skin diseases including psoriasis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, warts, and Kaposi s sarcoma [175]. 

Feruloyl esterases show intriguing differences in substrate specificity and sequence structure. The main reason for the recent increase in interest in these enzymes is their potential application in the production of ferulic acid. Ferulic acid is an important precursor in the flavor industry (77) and has multiple uses as an ultraviolet light protection agent in sun creams and cosmetics (72) by suppressing inflammatory responses and skin tumor development (75). Feruloyl esterases can also be used to selectively remove ferulic acid from agro-industrial waste products on an industrial scale 74). Ferulic acid is thought to be involved... 

The development of a UV sensible fs spectroscopy has allowed to detect the formation of the non-enolized form of p-diketones in a subnanosec scale (Scheme 2), a phenomenon important also for the use of these compounds as UV screens in sun creams. ... 

Following a combined microdermabrasion and chemical peehng procedure, Kisner recommends applying antibiotic ointment and cold compresses to the skin. I rarely use antibiotic ointments. Instead, a bland cleanser and moisturizer such as CeraVe or Cetaphil are used for 7 days. If the patient has irritation, hydrocortisone cream 2 /2% can be applied daily, sunscreens are worn daily. In their pilot study, Hexsel et al. washed the skin with running water 4 h after retinoid acid apphcation and prescribed 1% hydrocortisone cream for the following 3 days [7]. This was combined with thrice daily application of SPF 15 sun cream for 1 week. 

Food, beverage, pharmaceutical ingredients, cosmetic additives, sun cream, energy drinks... 

Other issues include the use of netting and protection against adverse weather conditions, by issuing suitable clothing (and possibly sun cream) and limiting exposure. The sensible positioning of bitumen boilers and gas cylinders will also reduce the risk of fire and... 

A calibration graph was prepared as part of a validation procedure for a new method to determine an active constituent of a sun cream by UV spectrophotometry. The following data were obtained ... 

Scalia et al. (1992) 1,4-Dioxane Shampoos liquid soaps sun creams Bath foams Moisturizing lotions Cleansing milks aftershave balms baby lotion day creams hair lotion SPE GC-MS... 

Uses Emollient in bath oils, creams/lotions, sun creams, shaving prods., insect repellents, antiperspirants, deodorants oily component for cleansing creams, nail... 

Uses Emollient in bath oils, creams/lotions, sun creams, shaving prods., insect repellents, antiperspirants, deodorants oily component for cleansing creams, nail polish removers plasticizer for nail polishes pigment wetting agent softener in creams, hair care solvent for fatty cosmetic ingreds. vehicle for lipsticks solubilizer for perfume oils, vitamin oils, hormones solubilizer, vehicle for medicines excipient for injectable substances lubricant for PVC... 

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