Sulfuric acid/hydrogen sulfate

Example The pK s for the first and second ionizations of sulfuric acid are —48 and 2 0 respectively Sulfuric acid (HOSO2OH) is a strong acid hydrogen sulfate ion (H0S020 ) is a weak acid... 

The electrolytic processes for commercial production of hydrogen peroxide are based on (/) the oxidation of sulfuric acid or sulfates to peroxydisulfuric acid [13445-49-3] (peroxydisulfates) with the formation of hydrogen and (2) the double hydrolysis of the peroxydisulfuric acid (peroxydisulfates) to Caro s acid and then hydrogen peroxide. To avoid electrolysis of water, smooth platinum electrodes are used because of the high oxygen overvoltage. The overall reaction is... 

Electrowinning from Aqueous Solutions. Electrowinriing is the recovery of a metal by electrochemical reduction of one of its compounds dissolved in a suitable electrolyte. Various types of solutions can be used, but sulfuric acid and sulfate solutions are preferred because these are less corrosive than others and the reagents are fairly cheap. From an electrochemical viewpoint, the high mobiUty of the hydrogen ion leads to high conductivity and low ohmic losses, and the sulfate ion is electrochemicaHy inert under normal conditions. 

Figure 4-13 shows an example from a three-dimensional model simulation of the global atmospheric sulfur balance (Feichter et al, 1996). The model had a grid resolution of about 500 km in the horizontal and on average 1 km in the vertical. The chemical scheme of the model included emissions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from the oceans and SO2 from industrial processes and volcanoes. Atmospheric DMS is oxidized by the hydroxyl radical to form SO2, which, in turn, is further oxidized to sulfuric acid and sulfates by reaction with either hydroxyl radical in the gas phase or with hydrogen peroxide or ozone in cloud droplets. Both SO2 and aerosol sulfate are removed from the atmosphere by dry and wet deposition processes. The reasonable agreement between the simulated and observed wet deposition of sulfate indicates that the most important processes affecting the atmospheric sulfur balance have been adequately treated in the model. 

Both magnesium metal and hydrogen gas are free elements and so have an oxidation state of 0. In sulfuric acid, hydrogen has an oxidation state of+1 since the overall charge on the sulfate ion is -2. Similarly, the oxidation state of magnesium in magnesium sulfate is +2. 

Sulfuric acid, hydrogen fluoride, and aluminum chloride are the general catalysts used commercially. Sulfuric acid is used with propene and higher-boiling feeds, but not with ethylene, because it reacts to form ethyl hydrogen sulfate. The acid is pumped through the reactor and forms an air emulsion with reactants, and the emulsion is maintained at 50 percent acid. The rate of deactivation varies with the feed and isobutane charge rate. Butene feeds cause less acid consumption than the propene feeds. 

The hydrogen peroxide formed is distilled off, the sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid-ammonium sulfate solutions being recycled. The total yield for both processes relative to the electricity consumed is about 70%. 

Synonyms Acid mist Dipping acid Hydrogen sulfate Sulfur acid Sulfuric... 

Problem Diluted acids can dissolve base metals and produce hydrogen and a salt solution. In the case of the reaction of magnesium with dilute sulfuric acid, hydrogen and magnesium sulfate solution are produced. Concentrated acids dissolve a metal too however no hydrogen is formed. In the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid with zinc, the gas hydrogen sulfide is produced which has a rotten-egg smell. It is therefore important, in the case of sulfuric acid to differentiate between the pure acid from the diluted acidic solution and should be labeled carefully. Both reactions are not acid-base reactions - they are redox reactions (see Chap. 8). 

When 15.0 g of fluorite (CaFj) reacts with excess sulfuric acid, hydrogen fluoride gas is collected at 744 torr and 25.5°C. Solid calcium sulfate is the other product. What gas temperature is required to store the gas in an 8.63-L container at 875 torr ... 

SYNONYMS battery acid, chamber acid, fertilizer acid, hydrogen sulfate, oil of vitriol, sulfuric acid (aqueous). 

SO3 from the atmosphere producing H2SOU (SO3 + H2O H2SOi ). As amides are basic they undergo reactions with all acids, in this case sulfuric acid. The sulfate ion will then displace the amide group which combines with hydrogen to produce ammonia. Some units will thus become contaminated and the bonds between the monomers will decrease and damage the nylon. 

Synonyms/Trade Names Battery acid, Hydrogen sulfate, Oil of vitriol, Sulfuric acid (aqueous)... 

CAS 926-39-6 EINECS/ELINCS 213-135-7 Synonyms 2-Aminoethanol, hydrogen sulfate (ester) 2-Aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate 2-Aminoethyl sulfate 2-Aminoethyl sulfuric acid Ethanolamine sulfate... 

The dyeing process uses dyes, dyeing assistants, (e.g. acetic acid, ammonium sulfate), and dye carriers containing heavy metals. The dye carriers will be present only if the wool is being combined with a synthetic fabric, which reqmres a dye carrier to facilitate dye penetration. Various chemicals (e.g. sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and olive ( ) may be added before and during the fulling operation. These chemicals... 

The positive electrode consists of Ni(OH)2 in alternate layers of nickel flake. High purity nickel metal powder or chip is dissolved in sulfuric acid. Hydrogen is used in making the negative iron active material. The acidity is adjusted to pH 3 or 4 to remove iron and other insoluble materials. Further conditioning to remove aU of the ferrous iron and copper may be needed. Cobalt sulfate is added at about the 1.5% level to improve the nickel performance. The resulting sulfate solution is heated and... 

Sulfuric Acid Acide sulfurique Battery acid Electrolyte acid Fertilizer acid Hydrogen sulfate Oil of vitriol Spirit of sulfur Sulphuric acid Acido solforico Bov... 

Many factors, including temperature, humidity, light intensity, atmospheric transport, and surface characteristics of particulate matter, can influence the atmospheric chemical reactions of sulfin dioxide. Like many other gaseous pollutants, sulfur dioxide undergoes chemical reactions resulting in the formation of particulate matter. Whatever the processes involved, much of the sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere ultimately is oxidized to sulfuric acid and sulfate salts, particularly ammonium sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate. 

Zinc Hydrosulfite Zinc Nitrate Fluorine Graphite Oxygen Chlorine Nitrous Acid Sulfurous Acid Hydrogen Sulfide Selenic Acid Ammonium Hyposulfite Ammonium Thiosulfate Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic Diammonium Phosphate Hexafluorouranium Uranium Hexafluoride Silver Chloride Aluminum Fluoride Aluminum Trifluoride Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Alum Silver Bromide Magnesium Chloride Magnogene Barium Sulfite Bismuth Trichloride Cesium Bromide... 

Example 2.5 tert-Butyl hydrogen sulfate is required as an intermediate in a reaction sequence. This can be produced by the reaction between isobutylene and moderately concentrated sulfuric acid ... 

In these methods, the sulfur oxides produced during combustion are, before detection, either converted into sulfuric acid by bubbling in a hydrogen peroxide-water solution or converted into sulfates. 

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