Aluminum chloride fluoride

A Hasteiloy shaker tube (400 mL) was charged with anhyd aluminum chloride fluoride (2 g). cooled to 78 C, evacuated, and charged with hexafluoroacetone (11 49.8 g. 0.3 mol) and trifluorocthcnc (24.6 g, 0.3 mol). The reaction vessel was shaken at 100 C for 18 h. The mixture was bled out of the reactor at 40-50 C and collected in a cold trap( - 78 C). Starting materials were distilled out using a low-temperature distillation column, and the residue was washed with cold HjO and dried (PjO,). It was distilled to give 11 (64% isolated yield, 98% based on converted 13 yield 4 7.6 g) bp 44-45 C. 

Fluorine-containing aldehydes, ketones and acid fluorides undergo photoinitiated cycloaddition reactions with fluorinated alkenes to give oxetanes.90 91 The addition of hexafluoroacetone (11) to fluoroalkenes can also be performed in the presence of the Lewis acid, aluminum chloride fluoride.92-1 22-1 23 Unlike the photochemical cycloaddition of hexafluoroacetone with trifluoroethene, the Lewis acid catalyzed addition is regioselective.92 Fluorooxetanes (c. g., 14) have also been synthesized by the addition of formaldehyde to fluoroalkenes in hydrogen fluoride.94 Examples of the formation of fluorooxetanes by [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions arc-given in Table 8. 

Aluminum chloride fluoride (AICIF) Aluminum chloride fluoride, ion (AICIF ) Aluminum chloride fluoride (AlClFg) Aluminum chloride oxide (OAICI)... 

Aluminum chloride fluoride (AlClgF) Aluminum chloride (AlClg)... 

In a generalized sense, acids are electron pair acceptors. They include both protic (Bronsted) acids and Lewis acids such as AlCb and BF3 that have an electron-deficient central metal atom. Consequently, there is a priori no difference between Bronsted (protic) and Lewis acids. In extending the concept of superacidity to Lewis acid halides, those stronger than anhydrous aluminum chloride (the most commonly used Friedel-Crafts acid) are considered super Lewis acids. These superacidic Lewis acids include such higher-valence fluorides as antimony, arsenic, tantalum, niobium, and bismuth pentafluorides. Superacidity encompasses both very strong Bronsted and Lewis acids and their conjugate acid systems. 

There are several processes available for the manufacture of cryoHte. The choice is mainly dictated by the cost and quaUty of the available sources of soda, alumina, and fluoriae. Starting materials iaclude sodium aluminate from Bayer s alumina process hydrogen fluoride from kiln gases or aqueous hydrofluoric acid sodium fluoride ammonium bifluoride, fluorosiUcic acid, fluoroboric acid, sodium fluosiUcate, and aluminum fluorosiUcate aluminum oxide, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, alumina hydrate and sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium aluminate. 

Reactions Involving the Trifluoromethyl Group. Aluminum chloride effects chlorinolysis of ben2otrifluoride to give ben2otrichloride (307). High yields of volatile acid fluorides are formed from ben2otrifluoride and perfluorocarboxyUc acids (308). 

Isopropylnaphthalenes can be prepared readily by the catalytic alkylation of naphthalene with propjiene. 2-lsopropylnaphthalene [2027-17-0] is an important intermediate used in the manufacture of 2-naphthol (see Naphthalenederivatives). The alkylation of naphthalene with propjiene, preferably in an inert solvent at 40—100°C with an aluminum chloride, hydrogen fluoride, or boron trifluoride—phosphoric acid catalyst, gives 90—95% wt % 2-isopropylnaphthalene however, a considerable amount of polyalkylate also is produced. Preferably, the propylation of naphthalene is carried out in the vapor phase in a continuous manner, over a phosphoric acid on kieselguhr catalyst under pressure at ca 220—250°C. The alkylate, which is low in di- and polyisopropylnaphthalenes, then is isomerized by recycling over the same catalyst at 240°C or by using aluminum chloride catalyst at 80°C. After distillation, a product containing >90 wt % 2-isopropylnaphthalene is obtained (47). 

A third technique employs monovalent aluminum. By bringing vapors of aluminum fluoride or aluminum chloride into contact with carbothermicahy reduced aluminum ahoy at 1000—1400°C, the fohowing reaction occurs... 

Aluminum Halides. AH the halogens form covalent aluminum compounds having the formula AIX. The commercially most important are the anhydrous chloride and fluoride, and aluminum chloride hexahydrate. 

Porous carbon and graphite are used ia filtration of hydrogen fluoride streams, caustic solutions, and molten sodium cyanide ia diffusion of chlorine iato molten aluminum to produce aluminum chloride and ia aeration of waste sulfite Hquors from pulp and paper manufacture and sewage streams. 

At 225—275°C, bromination of the vapor yields bromochloromethanes CCl Br, CCl2Br2, and CClBr. Chloroform reacts with aluminum bromide to form bromoform, CHBr. Chloroform cannot be direcdy fluorinated with elementary flourine fluoroform, CHF, is produced from chloroform by reaction with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a metallic fluoride catalyst (8). It is also a coproduct of monochlorodifluoromethane from the HF—CHCl reaction over antimony chlorofluoride. Iodine gives a characteristic purple solution in chloroform but does not react even at the boiling point. Iodoform, CHI, may be produced from chloroform by reaction with ethyl iodide in the presence of aluminum chloride however, this is not the route normally used for its preparation. 

The Eries rearrangement of phenol esters gives a mixture of 2- and 4-acylphenols (56). The reaction is cataly2ed by Lewis acids such as aluminum chloride or by Brmnsted acids like hydrogen fluoride. This reaction is used in the production of 4-hydroxyacetophenone [99-93-4] a raw material for... 

The principal use of the alkylation process is the production of high octane aviation and motor gasoline blending stocks by the chemical addition of C2, C3, C4, or C5 olefins or mixtures of these olefins to an iso-paraffin, usually isobutane. Alkylation of benzene with olefins to produce styrene, cumene, and detergent alkylate are petrochemical processes. The alkylation reaction can be promoted by concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum chloride, or boron fluoride at low temperatures. Thermal alkylation is possible at high temperatures and very high pressures. 

Solid superacid catalysts, proposed as replacements for catalysts such as hydrogen fluoride and aluminum chloride for processes such as alkylation and acylation (Misono and Okuhara, 1993). 

Vinyl and phenyl mfluoromethyl groups are reactive in the presence of aluminum chloride [10] Replacement of fluorine by chlorine often occurs Polyfluori-nated trifluoromethylbenzenes form reactive a,a-difluorobenzyl cations in antimony pentafluoride [11] 1 Phenylperfluoropropene cyclizes in aluminum chloride to afford 1,1,3-trichloro 2 fluoroindene [10] (equation 10) The reaction IS hypothesized to proceed via an allylic carbocation, whose fluoride atoms undergo halogen exchange... 

The reactions of some fluorinated ethers may result in the elimination of alkyl fluorides In the case of 2-methoxyperfluoro-2-butene, treatment with antimony pentafluoride gives perfluoro-3-buten-2-one and methylfluoride [107] By reacting 2-chloro-l,l,2-trifluorodiethyl ether with boron trifluoride etherate or with aluminum chloride, chlorofluoroacetyl fluoride can be obtained with the elimination of ethyl fluonde [108] (equations 76 and 77)... 

Mesitaldehyde may be prepared from mesitylmagnesium bromide by the reaction with orthoformate esters3 or ethoxy-methyleneaniline 3 from acetylmesitylene by oxidation with potassium permanganate,4 from mesitoyl chloride by reduction,5 from mesityllithium by the reaction with iron pentacarbonyl and from mesitylene by treatment with formyl fluoride and boron trifluoride,7 by treatment with carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and aluminum chloride,8 or by various applications of the Gatterman synthesis.9-11... 

As a result of alkylation LAB is obtained with a clearly changed composition in comparison with the use of chloroparaffin. With respect to the dialkyl-tetralin content, values are obtained which are comparable to LAB from the HF alkylation process (same olefin base) (Table 11). Another important difference is the 2-phenylalkane content. The isomer distribution depends on the catalyst. The reaction between straight /z-chloroparaffins or n-olefins with benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride leads to the same isomer distribution. In both cases the 2-phenylalkane content is predominant compared to the 3-, 4-, and 5-phenylalkanes. If hydrogen fluoride is used as catalyst the 2-phenylalkane... 

TPB is produced by the reaction of tetrapropylene (see page 65) with benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride or hydrogen fluoride as catalyst. The reaction conditions for both catalysts differ insignificantly from each other. 

Catalysts like hydrogen fluoride or aluminum chloride catalyze not only the alkylation but the side reactions such as polymerization, isomerization, and disproportionation of tetrapropylene. All three side reactions are observed. In... 

Sodium LAS synthesized via aluminum chloride catalysis dissolves better than sodium LAS from the hydrogen fluoride route. The main difference is the tetralin content. Dialkyltetralinsulfonates (DATs) function as hydrotropes and this influence can be larger than that of the 2-phenylalkane content. For a homolog (equal alkyl side chains), the higher the DAT content, the lower the... 

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