Charging rate

Fig. 12. Comparison of actual and predicted charging rates for 0.3-pm particles in a corona field of 2.65 kV/cm (141). The finite approximation theory (173) which gives the closest approach to experimental data takes into account both field charging and diffusion charging mechanisms. The curve labeled White (141) predicts charging rate based only on field charging and that marked Arendt and Kallmann (174) shows charging rate based only on diffusion.

Propylene, butylenes, or amylenes are combiaed with isobutane ia the presence of an acid catalyst, eg, sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid, at low temperatures (1—40°C) and pressures, 102—1035 kPa (1—10 atm). Sulfuric acid or hydrogen fluoride are the catalysts used commercially ia refineries. The acid is pumped through the reactor and forms an emulsion with reactants, and the emulsion is maintained at 50% acid. The rate of deactivation varies with the feed and isobutane charge rate. Butene feeds cause less acid consumption than the propylene feeds. 

Continuous oxidizers are usually operated at a constant temperature (260 °C) and a constant Hquid level with the production rate and product characteristics controlled by air rate and charging rate. 

The average feed mixture charging rate, molar or volumetric, is fixed by the raw material supply or the demand for finished product. 

The traditional unipolar diffusion charging model is based on the kinetic theory of gases i.e., ions are assumed to behave as an ideal gas, the properties of which can described by the kinetic gas theory. According to this theory, the particle-charging rate is a function of the square of the particle size dp, particle charge numbers and mean thermal velocity of tons c,. The relationship between particle charge and time according White s... 

Aufl., abbrev. (Auflage) edition. Aufiadegeschwindigkeit, /. loading or charging rate. 

It was reabzed early on that because of their high electron transport rates, the charging rates of conducting polymer films would be controlled predominantly by the rate at which charge-compensating ions [Eq.(l)] could be extracted from, or ejected into, the bathing electrolyte solution.160,161 However, these and some other studies employing chronoam-... 

Estimates also were made for 65 coke plants in 12 states. Coke ovens produce benzene as a by-product, but not all of it can be recovered. It has been estimated that benzene contributes about two-thirds of one percent of the coal gas generated. Potential points of emissions from one type of coke battery are illustrated in Figure 7. Emissions from coke ovens were derived from estimated emission factors (based on coke oven product assays and benzene yields) and coal charging rates. 

When the charging rate (semi-batch) or the mass of reactant added in one step (batch) or the continuous feed ratios get out of phase, the heat generation may be larger than expected. This results in difficulties in the transfer of the heat generated, especially in cases where the cooling capacity has a limited safety margin Also, it can lead to accumulation of reactant in a semi-batch operation. 

Required conversion of A is 80%. Find the charge rates for one reactor, three reactors and five reactors in series. 

A CSTR battery has two stages of 25 cuft each. The reaction, A + B Products, is performed there, with Ca0 = 1.5, Cb0 = 2.25 lbmol/cuft and k 0.08 cuft/lbmol-min. Find the allowable charge rate for 80% conversion of A. Ca2 = 0.2Ca0 =0.3... 

The gas phase reaction, A => 2B, is conducted at 600 R in a tubular flow reactor of diameter 0.2 ft. The feed contains 50 mol% A of molecular weight 40 and the balance inert of molecdular weight 20. Charge rate is 9000 lb/hr, inlet pressure is 5 atm, specific rate is 6000/hr and viscosity is 0.05 lb/ft-hr. Obtain the relation between conversion, pressure drop and volume of the reactor. 

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