Calcium solid

Uintaite is not easily water wet with most surfactants. Thus, stable dispersions of uintaite are often difficult to achieve, particularly in the presence of salts, calcium, solids and other drilling fluid contaminants and/or in the presence of diesel oil. The uintaite must be readily dispersible and must remain water wet otherwise it will coalesce and be separated from the drilling fluid, along with cuttings at the shale shaker or in the circulating pits. Surfactants and emulsifiers are often used with uintaite drilling mud additives. 

Thickener The lime reactor products flow by gravity to a thickener where the calcium solids settle. The thickener overflow, which is a clear liquor, is separated and is piunped to a clarifier to remove any dissolved calcium sulfate. The thickener underflow is pumped to a rotary vacuiun filter to further concentrate the calcium sulfite solids. 

FIGURE 11-5 Titration curves of 10" Mmetal ions with EDTA in a solution withENHa] + [NH +] = 0.1 M at various pH values as indicated. Left, Ni(II) right, calcium (solid lines) and iron (dotted lines). 

FIGURE 7.73. Simultaneous removal of strontium and calcium. Solid curves strontium dashed curves calcium. 

The results of Taylor s study are presented in Table III. The best experimental results were obtained with samples C-1 and E-1. Both of these samples (GE I CaCOj) exhibited a lattice parameter shift, consistent with the proposed calcium solid solution. The increased lattice parameters were observed for all the vaterite (GE I CaCOj) samples reacted in both dry and wet CO2 atmospheres. When sample E-1 was reannealed in dry CO2 at 750°C for 24 hr the lattice parameters decreased in magnitude, indicating perhaps the formation of a product layer and loss of calcium from the quartz structure. 

It is emphasized that the data in Table III do indicate a trend of increased lattice distortion and possibly calcium solution with increased water contamination. It is noted that all the samples investigated by Taylor were reacted for only 60 min, which is near or slightly past the end of the initial portion of the reaction in most samples. In contrast, Verduch in earlier work reacted the samples for 24 hr before conducting X-ray analyses. As a result, a quantitative comparison of the two studies cannot be made. The low values of calcium solid solution reported by Verduch as compared to Taylor s study may actually be due to the longer reaction times. Taylor s experiments performed at the peak of the initial reaction may have caught the calcium solid solution at its maximum. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the lattice parameters decreased in reheating experiments (sample E). 

D. Taylor, Calcium Solid Solution in Quartz in the Presence of Water Vapor, unpublished B. S. thesis. University of Utah, 1967. 

Heavy metals often can be removed effectively by chemical precipitation in the form of carbonates, hydroxides, or sulfides. Sodium carbonate, sodium bisulfite, sodium hydroxide, and calcium oxide are all used as precipitation agents. The solids precipitate as a floe containing a large amount of water in the structure. The precipitated solids need to be separated by thickening or filtration and recycled if possible. If recycling is not possible, then the solids are usually disposed of to a landfill. 

There are, however, technological means available to burn incompletely desulfurized fuels at the same time minimizing SO2 emissions. In the auto-desulfurizing AUDE boiler developed by IFF, the effluent is treated in place by an absorbent based on lime and limestone calcium sulfate is obtained. This system enables a gas desulfurization of 80% it requires nevertheless a relatively large amount of solid material, on the order of 200 kg per ton of fuel. 

Calcium complex soap greases, obtained by the reaction of lime and a mixture of fatty acids and acetic acid. These greases offer good high temperature and anti-wear/extreme pressure properties related to the presence, in the soap, of calcium acetate that acts as solid lubricant they have good mechanical stability. 

Two nucleation processes important to many people (including some surface scientists ) occur in the formation of gallstones in human bile and kidney stones in urine. Cholesterol crystallization in bile causes the formation of gallstones. Cryotransmission microscopy (Chapter VIII) studies of human bile reveal vesicles, micelles, and potential early crystallites indicating that the cholesterol crystallization in bile is not cooperative and the true nucleation time may be much shorter than that found by standard clinical analysis by light microscopy [75]. Kidney stones often form from crystals of calcium oxalates in urine. Inhibitors can prevent nucleation and influence the solid phase and intercrystallite interactions [76, 77]. Citrate, for example, is an important physiological inhibitor to the formation of calcium renal stones. Electrokinetic studies (see Section V-6) have shown the effect of various inhibitors on the surface potential and colloidal stability of micrometer-sized dispersions of calcium oxalate crystals formed in synthetic urine [78, 79]. 

The white solid oxides MjO and M 0 are formed by direct union of the elements. The oxides MjO and the oxides M"0 of calcium down to radium have ionic lattices and are all highly basic they react exothermically with water to give the hydroxides, with acids to give salts, and with carbon dioxide to give carbonates. For example... 

Group II hydrogencarbonates have insufficient thermal stability for them to be isolated as solids. However, in areas where natural deposits of calcium and magnesium carbonates are found a reaction between the carbonate, water and carbon dioxide occurs ... 

The benzene used in this preparation should be reasonably free from toluene therefore use a sample of benzene supplied by dealers as crystalUsable benzene, i.e.y one which crystallises readily when cooled in ice-water. It should preferably be dried over calcium chloride and, immediately before use, filtered through a fluted filter-paper. The pyridine should also preferably be dried over solid potassium hydroxide and redistilled. 

By cooling the solution in a freezing mixture (ice and salt, ice and calcium chloride, or solid carbon dioxide and ether). It must be borne in mind that the rate of crystal formation is inversely proportional to the temperature cooling to very low temperatures may render the mass... 

Fit a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask with a dropping funnel and a double surface condenser alternatively, the flask may be provided with a two-way addition tube (Fig. II, 13, 9) and the dropping funnel and condenser inserted into the latter. Place 37 g. (46 ml.) of iso-butyl alcohol (b.p. 106-108°) and 40 g. (41 ml.) of pure pyridine in the flask and 119 g. (73 ml.) of redistilled thionyl chloride in the dropping funnel. Insert a cotton wool or calcium chloride guard tube into the mouth of the funnel. Introduce the thionyl chloride during 3-4 hours a white solid... 

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