Carboxylic acids sulfonation

Two novel monoaminodibenzothiophenes, 9b-amino-l,4,4a,9b-tetra-hydrodibenzothiophene (113) and 9b-amino-l,2,3,4,4a,9b-hexayhydro-dibenzothiophene (114) have been synthesized from the corresponding carboxylic acid sulfones 32 and 33 by treatment with sodium methoxide and bromine followed by reduction of the resultant sulfone carbamates with LAH. A -Alkylation of both 113 and 114 gives compounds which possess CNS depressant activity. ... 

Sulfonation of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Sulfonation or Sulfo-de-hydrogenation... 

NOVA nonvolatile, strong acids isolated on anion-exchange resin (certain carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, etc.). 

Fluorinated Organics Hydrocarbons, aliphatic carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, amines, etc. Dia Nippon (Japan) 3M (US)b Not available Not available Anodic substitution... 

Heterocyclic and Others ACID SALTS, see ACIDS, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, SULFONIC, see SULFUR COMPOUNDS ALCOHOLS, see HYDROXYL COMPOUNDS ALDEHYDES... 

Electrochemical detectors measure the current resulting from the application of a potential (voltage) across electrodes in a flow cell. They respond to substances that are either oxidizable or reducible and may be used for the detection of compounds such as catecholamines, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, alcohols, glycols, aldehydes, carbohydrates, amines, and many other sulfur-containing species and inorganic anions and cations. Potentiometric, amperometric, and conductivity detectors are all classified as electrochemical detectors. 

Another reprecipitation method commonly used is applicable to compounds which are difficultly soluble in water, but which form easily soluble salts. These include bases which dissolve in dilute acids and which are thrown out of solution by the addition of alkalis, as well as acidic substances, such as carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, and phenols, which are dissolved in alkalis and thrown out by the addition of acids. This type of reprecipitation is effective in removing only those impurities which have no basic or acidic properties, and which, therefore, are not dissolved by the acid or alkali and are removed by filtration. Impurities having the same chemical properties as the main product are not removed to any extent by such a process. The effectiveness of the method is greatly increased, however, by two modifications. 

Although much less common than carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids constitute a useful group of organic acids. Sulfonic acids have the general structure RSO3H. The most widely used sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, was first discussed in Section 2.6. 

This section is devoted to the addition of acids to ethylene pxidos. To facilitate its presentation the material will be divided into two prindpd categories (I) condensation with mineral adds (2) oon-densation with mganio acids. The hrst- will include halog acidB and otb strong minend acids the second will include carboxylic acids, sulfonic acida. and hydrocyanic acid hydrogen cyanide). 

In al this we have estimated the stability of a carbonium ion on the same basis the dispersal or concentration of the charge due to electron release or electron withdrawal by the substituent groups. As wc shall see, the approach that has worked so well for elimination, for addition, and for electrophilic aromatic substitution works for still another important class of organic reactions in which a positive charge develops nucleophilic aliphatic substitution by the S l mechanism (Sec. 14.14). It works equally well for nucleophilic aromatic substitution (Sec. 25.9), in which a negative charge develops. Finally, we shall find that this approach will help us to understand acidity or basicity of such compounds as carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, amines, and phenols. 

One of the many important differences between phosphorus and nitrogen chemistry is the relative strengths of their bonds to hydrogen. The relatively weak P—H bond means that this functionality can be added across a wide variety of unsaturated molecules (alkenes, alkynes, carbonyls) and hence this represents an excellent method for preparing tertiary phosphines. The addition of P 11 compounds to C=0 and C=N has been described in detail by Gilheany and Mitchell.2 The reaction can be catalyzed by base (potassium hydroxide, butyllithium), acid (HC1, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, boron trifluoride), free radical (uv, organic peroxides, AIBN) or metal (simple metal salts, late transition-metal complexes). In some circumstances no catalyst is required at all for P 11 additions to proceed.60... 

BMB reduces only specific functional groups. In tetrahydrofiirane at 0° it reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols, -y-valerolactone (11) to y-hydroxyvaleraldehyde (12), and N,N-dimethylamides to aldehydes. Under the same conditions it does not reduce carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, amides, esters, acid chlorides, anhydrides, or sulfones. The failure of the carboxyl group to react makes possible the conversion... 

The second section deals with the dynamics of organic primary ammonium salts of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, and phosphonic acids. Inspired by the steroidal crystals described above, our research has been extended to the supramolecular properties of organic salts. We focus on the latest research on solid-state fluorescence emission and pseudo-cubic hydrogen bonding clusters. It is noteworthy that the salts have practical advantages, including the relatively simple preparation oftheir crystals,... 

Carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, and alcohols could also be used as substrates of difluorocarbene reactions, yielding compounds 197,198, and 199 210... 

Polymers can complex the uranyl ion, the most common naturally occurring, water-soluble form of uranium, for both environmental and industrial purposes. Select salts of diacids, dioximes, etc., salts of polyacrylic acids, polyacrylic acid itself and a wide variety of carboxylic acid-, sulfonate- and sulfate-containing resins are capable of removing the uranyl ion to 10" to 10 mol These complexed uranyl compounds have... 

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