Sulfonated terephthalic acid

Melt spinning polyesters is preferred to solution spinning because of its lower cost. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the fiber, sulfonated terephthalic acid may be used as a comonomer to provide anionic sites for cationic dyes. Small amounts of aliphatic diacids such as adipic acid may also be used to increase the dyeability of the fibers by disturbing the fiber s crystallinity. 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETP) produces a relatively hydrophobic fiber that is readily soiled by oil. The soiling tendency can be eliminated by grafting 0.5 % of acrylic acid onto the fiber with the aid of ionized gases or by partial hydrolysis of the surface (whereby free —COOH groups are produced). Incorporation of 5 % adipic acid into the polymer reduces the crystallinity and thereby improves the dyeability. Incorporation of small amounts of sulfonated terephthalic acid produces anionic sites for cationic dyestuffs. 

An additional example of applying SSP to co-polyester production has been outlined in a US patent [59], This discloses the production of co-polyesters based on terephthalic acid and with up to 12% bis-(hydroxy ethoxy phenyl)sulfone co-monomer content. Additional patents exist concerning the SSP of other copolyesters [60, 61]. 

Parathion, Phorate Sulfur oxides, see Malathion Tartaric acid monoamide p-TCCH, see Lindane y-TCCH, see Lindane TCDD, see 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol Terbufos sulfone, see Terbufos Terbufos sulfoxide, see Terbufos Terephthalic acid, see p-Xylene o-Terphenyl, see Phthalic anhydride 2,2, 4,4 -Tetraamino-6,6 -azotoluene, see 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene... 

In an earlier investigation by the author [3] sulfonated polyesters were prepared consisting of ethylene glycol and terephthalate acid capped with dimethyl-5-sulfoterephthalate. 

A wide range of chemical agents, catalysts and conditions for the glycolysis of unsaturated polyester resins, used in the manufacture of buttons, have been described in a recent patent.34 In addition to different metal acetates, the following compounds have been proposed to be catalytically active in PET glycolysis sodium methylate, sodium ethylate, sodium hydroxide, methane-sulfonic acid, magnesium oxide, barium oxide and calcium oxide. Different applications of the depolymerization products were described, e.g., preparation of fresh unsaturated polyesters by reaction with maleic acid, maleic acid/ phthalic anhydride or maleic anhydride/terephthalic acid or the synthesis of polyurethane resins by reaction with a diisocyanate. 

Alkali and acid treatments have also been used to modify surface properties of polymers sulfonated polyethylene films treated first with ethylenediamine and then with a terpolymer of vinyhdene chloride, acrylonitrile, and acrylic acid exhibited better clarity and scuff resistance and reduced permeabihty. Permanently amber-colored polyethylene containers suitable for storing light-sensitive compoimds have been produced by treating fluorosulfonated polyethylene with alkali. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) dipped into trichloroacetic/chromic acid mixture has improved adhesion to polyethylene and nylons. Antifogging lenses have been prepared by exposing polystyrene films to sulfonating conditions. Acid and alkali surface treatments have also been used to produce desired properties in polymethylmethacrylates, polyacrylonitrile, styrene-butadiene resins, polyisobutylene, and natural rubber. Surface halogenation of the diene polymers natural rubber and polyisobutylene resulted in increased adhesion to polar surfaces. 

The electrophilic polymerization of this type is often referred to as Friedel-Crafts polymerization. Examples are polymers obtained from near equimolar feeds of terephthalic acid as dicarboxylic acid and 4-phenoxy-phenyl sulfone, or 4-biphenylyl sulfone, respectively. Usage of 4,4 -di-phenoxybenzophenone yields a poly (ketone). 

Reaction of cyanuric chloride with amines to give reactive dyes 2. Sulfonation and nitration of naphthalene at low temperatures 3. Reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene oxide in a solvent in the presence of dissolved catalysts 4. Manufacture of diisocyanate by reaction between phosgene and hydrochlorides of amines 5. Alkaline hydrolysis of solid esters such as di-/3-chloroelhyl oxalate and nitrobenzoic acid esters Venkatraman (1972) Groggins (1958) Hydrocarbon Proc. Petrol. Refiner (1971) Bhatia et al. (1976) Sharma and Sharma (1969, I970a,b)... 

PSVS. See Polysodium vinyl sulfonate PTA. See Terephthalic acid... 

Stearic acid Sulfonic acid Terephthalic acid Tetrachlorophthalic acid Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride... 

Electrical conductivity measurements have been reported on a wide range of polymers including carbon nanofibre reinforced HOPE [52], carbon black filled LDPE-ethylene methyl acrylate composites [28], carbon black filled HDPE [53], carbon black reinforced PP [27], talc filled PP [54], copper particle modified epoxy resins [55], epoxy and epoxy-haematite nanorod composites [56], polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blends [57], polyacrylonitrile based carbon fibre/PC composites [58], PC/MnCli composite films [59], titanocene polyester derivatives of terephthalic acid [60], lithium trifluoromethane sulfonamide doped PS-block-polyethylene oxide (PEO) copolymers [61], boron containing PVA derived ceramic organic semiconductors [62], sodium lanthanum tetrafluoride complexed with PEO [63], PC, acrylonitrile butadiene [64], blends of polyethylene dioxythiophene/ polystyrene sulfonate, PVC and PEO [65], EVA copolymer/carbon fibre conductive composites [66], carbon nanofibre modified thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers [67], PPY [68], PPY/PP/montmorillonite composites [69], carbon fibre reinforced PDMS-PPY composites [29], PANI [70], epoxy resin/PANI dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid blends [71], PANI/PA 6,6 composites [72], carbon fibre EVA composites [66], HDPE carbon fibre nanocomposites [52] and PPS [73]. 

Triphenylmethane leuco dyes are used for photographic materials. The photographic system requires a polymer binder such as acrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer115 or a copolymer of isophthalic and terephthalic acids116 a sensitizer such as 4-(4-n-amyloxyphenyl)-2,6-bis(3-ethylphenyl)-thiapyrilium perchlorate,117 a photo initiator such as hexaarylbisimi-dazole,118 and phenyl tribromomethyl sulfone, cycloalkane such as 1,2,3, 4,5-pentabromo-6-chlorocyclohexane,119 or 3-benzylidene-9-methyl-2,3-dihydro- 1 TZ-cyclopenta [b] quinoline.120... 

Hybrid fluorocarbons (dual action block copolymers), or polyacrylic acid esters or polyethylene terephthalate block copolymers Anionic polymers such as polyacrylates and CMC in alkaline washing liquors or sulfonates repulse partly negatively charged soil particles or micelles, including dispersed soil particles PVA, CMC, starch... 

Poly (oxyethylene) oleate Poly (oxyethylene) oleic acid ester. See PEG oleate Poly (oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl). See Polyethylene terephthalate Poly (3,4-oxyethyleneoxythiophene)/poly (styrene sulfonate). See Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly (styrenesulfonic acid)... 

PTMG. See Polytetramethylene ether glycol PTMT. See Polybutylene terephthalate PTSA 70. See p-Toluene sulfonic acid PTSA. See p-Toluenesulfonamide p-Toluene sulfonic acid... 

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