Ionized gases

Bruno G, Capezuttuto P and Losurdo M 1995 On the use of the piasma in iii-V semiconductor processing Phenomena In Ionized Gases (ICPIG Hoboken, NJ, 1995 (AiP Conference Proceedings voi 22) ed K FI Becker, W E Carr and E E Kunhardt (Woodbury, NY American Institute of Physics) pp 146-55... 

Sources of Thermal Energy The most common sources of thermal energy are flames and plasmas. Flame sources use the combustion of a fuel and an oxidant such as acetylene and air, to achieve temperatures of 2000-3400 K. Plasmas, which are hot, ionized gases, provide temperatures of 6000-10,000 K. 

Electron-ion coUisions become important when the degree of ionization exceeds about 0.1% and introduce additional complexity in calculating their effects. Methods for calculating conductivity in strongly ionized gases are given in Reference 40. 

Microwaves may be used to ionize gases when sufficient power is apphed, but only through the intermediate process of classical acceleration of plasma electrons. The electrons must have energy values exceeding the ioniza tion potential of molecules in the gas (see Plasma technology). Ionizing radiation exhibits more biological-effect potential whatever the power flux levels (2). 

W. E. Spicer. In Survey of Phenomena in Ionized Gases. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1968, p. 271. A review of the early photoemission work on solids by the pioneering group in this area. 

In the derivation of the Boltzmann equation, it was noted that the distribution function must not change significantly in times of the order of a collision time, nor in distances of the order of the maximum range of the interparticle force. For the usual interatomic force laws (but not the Coulomb force, which is of importance in ionized gases), this distance is less than about 10 T cm the corresponding collision times, which are of the order of the force range divided by a characteristic particle velocity (of the order of 10 cm/sec for hydrogen at 300° C), is about 10 12 seconds. 

Sink (in graph theory), 258 "Slack variables, 294 Slightly-ionized gases, 46 "Slow time, 362 Small parameter methods, 350 S-matrix, 599,649,692 Smirnova, T. S., 726 Smoluchowski, R., 745 Sokolov, A. V., 768 Sommerfeld, C. M., 722 Sonine polynomials, 25 Source (in graph theory), 258 Space group... 

McDaniel, E. W., Collision Phenomena in Ionized Gases, Chap. 9, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1964. 

VonEngel, Ionized Gases, Oxford University Press, London, 1965. Received April 25, 1966. 

Ionic (electrolytic) conduction of electric current is exhibited by electrolyte solutions, melts, solid electrolytes, colloidal systems and ionized gases. Their conductivity is small compared to that of metal conductors and increases with increasing temperature, as the resistance of a viscous medium acts against ion movement and decreases with increasing temperature. 

Glasstone, S., Laidler, K. J., and Eyring, H. (1941), Theory of Rate Processes, McGraw Hill, New York. Langevin, M. P. (1905), J. Chim. Phys. 5, 245. English translation in McDaniel, E. W. (1964), Collision Phenomena in Ionized Gases, app. 1, Wiley, New York. 

Spitzer, L., Jr., Physics of Fully Ionized Gases, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1956. 

Gas lasers operate mainly in the cw regime, although in the case of singly ionized gases, both the pulsed and the continuous regime are used. 

Rutscher, A., "Progress in Electron Kinetics of Low Pressure Discharges and Related Phenomena", presented at the 13 International Congress on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, East Berlin, GDR, September, 1977. 

De-excitation processes of excited rare gas atoms in the lowest excited states have an important role in various phenomena in ionized gases. Recently, the importance has... 

Vzryv (Explosion), VoyenlzdatMinistOborony, Moskva(1954) Engl excerpt by Maj G.K. Kudravetz, USAirlntelligencelnfoRept IR-1329-58, OTIA 1450(1958) (See also in the text) 2a) L. Spitzer, Jr, "Physics of Fully Ionized Gases , Interscience, NY(1956)... 

From the perspective of the atomic spectroscopist, desirable properties of plasmas include high thermal temperature and sufficient energy to excite and ionize atoms which are purposefully introduced for the purposes of analysis. In terms of atomic spectrometry, this means that we would generally wish to measure the absorption or emission of radiation in the near-ultraviolet (180-350 nm) and visible (350-770 nm) parts of the spectrum. In this sense, plasmas have been variously described as electrical flames or partially ionized gases. A working definition for atomic spectrometry could be as follows ... 

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