Polyester sulfone

Maleated oils, 9 150—151 Maleate group-containing polyesters, sulfonation of, 23 536 Maleate polymers, 20 100 Maleic acid, 25 481-523... 

Min et al. [17] Glucose L-Lactate Lactococcus lactis (ATCC 19435) fermentation Glucose oxidase (GOx) or L-lactate oxidase (LOx) with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/in a carbon paste matrix with polyethyleneimine and a polyester sulfonic acid cation exchanger (Eastman AQ-29D) Carbon paste electrode/-50 mV vs. Agf AgCl ... 

Electrodes doped with mediators are also successful in analyses using NAD (P)-dependent dehydrogenases (86-88). In these cases, the mediator is firmly adsorbed to the electrode. The cofactor is oxidized by the mediator, which becomes reduced. The mediator is reoxidized by an electrochemical process on the electrode. This technology makes it possible to reduce the amount of cofactor needed, for example, in flow injection analysis and also eliminates the need for enzymatic regeneration systems. A further successful development uses a carbon paste chemically modified with a dehydrogenase, the coenzyme, and a phenoxazine mediator. This complex structure is then coated with a polyester sulfonic acid cation exchanger (86). The mediators used are of aromatic polycyclic structure and are firmly bound to graphite or other carbon electrodes (Fig. 2) (89). 

Polyanilines NSA naphthalenesulfonic acid PANI - Polyaniline PDMA-PSS — Poly (-dimethoxyaniline-poly (4-styrene sulfonic acid) PANSA — 8-anilino-l-napthalene sulfonic acid PPY polypyrrol PESA polyester sulfonic acid PVS - polyvinyl sulfonate SEM — Scanning electron Microscopy PVA poly(vinyl alcohol)... 

The consumption of polyesteresterketones in Japan in 1984 was 20 tons, 1 kilogram cost 17000 Ian. The total consumption of polyester-sulfones and polyesteresterketones in Japan in 1990 was 450-500 tons per year [226],... 

Reuter Knud, Wollbom Ute., Pudleiner Heinz. (2000). Transesterification as Novel Method for the Synthesis of Block-Copolymers of Simple Polyester-Sulfone / in Papers of the 38-th Macromolecular lUPAC Symposium. Warsaw, 34. 

The graft copolymer products, poly(met)aciylates branched to polyester-sulfones, can be produced next way [200]. Firstly, the polyestersulfone is being chlormethylenized by monochlordimethyl ester. The product is used as macrostarter for the graft radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate (1), methylacrylate (11) and butylacrylate (HI) in dimethylfonnamide according to the mechanism of transferring of atoms xmder the influence of the catalytical system FeClj/ isophthalic acid. The branched copolymer with 1 has only one glassing temperature while copolymer with 11 and 111 has three. 

Naphthalenediol. This diol is prepared by the alkah fusion of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (Schaffer acid) at 290—295°C. Schaffer acid is usually produced by sulfonation of 2-naphthol with the addition of sodium sulfate at 85—105°C. This acid is also used as a coupling component in the production of a2o dyes such as Acid Black 26. 2,6-Naphthalenediol is used as a component in the manufacture of aromatic polyesters which, as is also tme of the corresponding amides, display Hquid crystal characteristics (52). 

This mixture is known as Quinoline Yellow A [8003-22-3] (Cl 47000) and is most widely used with polyester fibers (109). Upon sulfonation, the water-soluble Quinoline Yellow S or Acid Yellow 3 [8004-92-0] (Cl 47005) is obtained. This dye is used with wool and its aluminum salt as a pigment. Foron Yellow SE-3GL (Cl Disperse Yellow 64) is the 3-hydroxy-4-bromo derivative. Several other quinoline dyes are commercially available and find apphcations as biological stains and analytical reagents (110). 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

Melt spinning polyesters is preferred to solution spinning because of its lower cost. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the fiber, sulfonated terephthalic acid may be used as a comonomer to provide anionic sites for cationic dyes. Small amounts of aliphatic diacids such as adipic acid may also be used to increase the dyeability of the fibers by disturbing the fiber s crystallinity. 

Although low-molar-mass aliphatic polyesters and unsaturated polyesters can be synthesized without added catalyst (see Sections 2.4.1.1.1 and 2.4.2.1), the presence of a catalyst is generally required for the preparation of high-molar-mass polyesters. Strong acids are very efficient polyesterification catalysts but also catalyze a number of side reactions at elevated temperature (>160°C), leading to polymers of inferior quality. Acid catalysts are, therefore, not much used. An exception is the bulk synthesis of hyperbranched polyesters reported in Section 2.4.5.1, which is carried out at moderate temperature (140°C) under vacuum in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst. The use of strongly acidic oil-soluble catalysts has also been reported for the low-temperature synthesis of polyester oligomers in water-in-oil emulsions.216... 

The ester class also comprises natural oils, such as vegetable oil [75] spent sunflower oil [940,941,992,993] and natural fats, for example, sulfonated flsh fat [161]. In water-based mud systems no harmful foams are formed from partially hydrolyzed glycerides of predominantly unsaturated Ci6 to C24 fatty acids. The partial glycerides can be used at low temperatures and are biodegradable and nontoxic [1280]. A composition for high-temperature applications is available [1818]. It is a mixture of long chain polyesters and polyamides. 

Extraction or dissolution almost invariably will cause low-MW material in a polymer to be present to some extent in the solution to be chromatographed. Solvent peaks interfere especially in trace analysis solvent impurities also may interfere. For identification or determination of residual solvents in polymers it is mandatory to use solventless methods of analysis so as not to confuse solvents in which the sample is dissolved for analysis with residual solvents in the sample. Gas chromatographic methods for the analysis of some low-boiling substances in the manufacture of polyester polymers have been reviewed [129]. The contents of residual solvents (CH2C12, CgHsCI) and monomers (bisphenol A, dichlorodiphenyl sulfone) in commercial polycarbonates and polysulfones were determined. Also residual monomers in PVAc latices were analysed by GC methods [130]. GC was also... 

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