Styrene capped poly 2-

The study of acid-base interaction is an important branch of interfacial science. These interactions are widely exploited in several practical applications such as adhesion and adsorption processes. Most of the current studies in this area are based on calorimetric studies or wetting measurements or peel test measurements. While these studies have been instrumental in the understanding of these interfacial interactions, to a certain extent the interpretation of the results of these studies has been largely empirical. The recent advances in the theory and experiments of contact mechanics could be potentially employed to better understand and measure the molecular level acid-base interactions. One of the following two experimental procedures could be utilized (1) Polymers with different levels of acidic and basic chemical constitution can be coated on to elastomeric caps, as described in Section 4.2.1, and the adhesion between these layers can be measured using the JKR technique and Eqs. 11 or 30 as appropriate. For example, poly(p-amino styrene) and poly(p-hydroxy carbonyl styrene) can be coated on to PDMS-ox, and be used as acidic and basic surfaces, respectively, to study the acid-base interactions. (2) Another approach is to graft acidic or basic macromers onto a weakly crosslinked polyisoprene or polybutadiene elastomeric networks, and use these elastomeric networks in the JKR studies as described in Section 4.2.1. 

Flydroxyl-capped poly (ethylene-co-butylene), a so-called Kraton, was converted into a macroinitiator via esterification with 2-bromopropionyl chloride, and then employed for the block copolymerizations of styrene and />acetoxystyrene (B-116 and B-117).403 A similar method is utilized for B-l 18 to B-121 where the esterification is with 2-bromoisobutyroyl bromide.341 A commercially available polybutadiene is also employed for B-122 via a similar transformation into the chloroacetyl group.404... 

LD-FTICR-MS spectrum of StyrEomer-2100, a poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether styrene oligomer. The solid line represents the distribution from residual methoxy-capped poly(ethylene oxide). (Reproduced from ref. 57 with permission of the copyright holder)... 

Another synthetically challenging approach was carried out by Hutchings and Khosravi, who attached a ruthenium carbene initiator to the chain end of a styrene end-capped poly(ethylene oxide) [63]. The resulting macro benzylidene derivative was used to polymerize different NBE derivatives to yield amphiphilic diblock copolymers. 

Lutsen, L., et al. (1998). Poly(methylphenylsilylene)-block-polystyrene copolymer prepared by the use of a chloromethylphenyl end-capped poly(methylphenylsilylene) as a macromolecular initiator in an atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene. Eur. Polym. J., 34(12) 1829-1837. 

In 1966, a new class of polyols that were highly useful in enhancing the modulus of polyurethane foams and elastomers, while maintaining other desirable properties, was introduced to the marketplace (66, 67). These polyols had the unique feature of containing in situ, free-radical polymerized vinyl polymer particles that were grafted to the polyol. The final product, which was termed a polymer polypi, is a conventional or an ethylene oxide-capped poly(propylene oxide) polyol that contains a stable dispersion of the vinyl polymer that acts as a reinforcing filler. When monomers such as acrylonitrile and styrene/acry-... 

Double hydrophilic block copolymers, RB-3 and RB-4 have been prepared directly in aqueous media by using a dithioester-capped poly(4-styrene sulfate) or a dithioester-capped poly[(p-vinylbenzyl) trimethylammonium chloride] as the macrochain transfer agent in the successive RAFT polymerization of the second monomer [47]. The block copolymer, RB-5 was prepared using seeded emulsion polymerization via the RAFT mechanism. First, seeded particles consisting of PBA dormant chains were obtained by using active xanthate agent, [l-(0-ethylxanthyl)-ethyl]benzene, under bath and starved-feed... 

The seminal work on deep-UV resist materials which incorporate chemical amplification was started at IBM San Jose s Research Laboratory in 1979 when FrSchet and Willson first prepared poly(4-t-butyloxycarbonyloxy styrene) and end-capped copolymers of o-phthalaldehyde and 3-nitro-l,2-phthalic dicarboxaldehyde. 

Grafting of these preformed monoliths with dormant radicals is achieved by filling the pores with a monomer solution and heating to the desired temperature to activate the capped radicals. For example, a functionalization of poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) monolith with chloromethylstyrene and vinyl-pyridine to obtain material with up to 3.6 mmol/g of functionalities has been demonstrated [88]. 

One aspect of polyelectrolytes that has received a lot of attention in recent years is their utilization in the assembly of multilayered stmctures, which are formed via alternating adsorption of oppositely charged polymers. Using a terpy-end-capped ditopic monomer with, for example, Fe salts, Schiitte et al. (1998) demonstrated that MSPs can be utilized in a layer-by-layer assembly with polyanions such as poly(styrene sulfonate). 

In another recent example, dtrate-capped Au NPs are modified with 1-dodeca-nethiol in a first step. These premade nanoparticles were encapsulated with block copolymers such as poly(styrene-block-acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) and poly(methyl-methacrylate-block-acrylic acid) (PMMA-b-PAA) leading to core-shell hybrid materials. The Au NP diameters are 12 and 31 nm with average shell thickness of about 15 nm [121] (Scheme 3.18). 

ABA ABS ABS-PC ABS-PVC ACM ACS AES AMMA AN APET APP ASA BR BS CA CAB CAP CN CP CPE CPET CPP CPVC CR CTA DAM DAP DMT ECTFE EEA EMA EMAA EMAC EMPP EnBA EP EPM ESI EVA(C) EVOH FEP HDI HDPE HIPS HMDI IPI LDPE LLDPE MBS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-polycarbonate alloy Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-poly(vinyl chloride) alloy Acrylic acid ester rubber Acrylonitrile-chlorinated pe-styrene Acrylonitrile-ethylene-propylene-styrene Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate Acrylonitrile Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate Atactic polypropylene Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber Butadiene styrene rubber Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate-butyrate Cellulose acetate-propionate Cellulose nitrate Cellulose propionate Chlorinated polyethylene Crystalline polyethylene terephthalate Cast polypropylene Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Chloroprene rubber Cellulose triacetate Diallyl maleate Diallyl phthalate Terephthalic acid, dimethyl ester Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Ethylene-ethyl acrylate Ethylene-methyl acrylate Ethylene methacrylic acid Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer Elastomer modified polypropylene Ethylene normal butyl acrylate Epoxy resin, also ethylene-propylene Ethylene-propylene rubber Ethylene-styrene copolymers Polyethylene-vinyl acetate Polyethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers Hexamethylene diisocyanate High-density polyethylene High-impact polystyrene Diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane Isophorone diisocyanate Low-density polyethylene Linear low-density polyethylene Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene... 

Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl-2,2 -bipyridine moieties were used to cap both ends of a poly fluorine, yielding Re-capped Re(bpy)(CO)3(py)-X-(py)(CO)3(bpy)Re 2+ polymers, where X = polyfluorene [51, 52], The polymers with and without the Re caps were spin-coated from their solutions in CH2C12 onto an ITO surface previously modified with a layer of poly(styrene sulfonic acid), doped with poly(ethylenedioxythiophene). The LED (light-emitting device) was then topped with a layer of Ca/Al. The photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence seen were consistent with the presence of [Re(bpy)(CO)3(py)]+ [158],... 

The synthesis, starting from a bifunctional initiator followed by quenching the double-headed living ends, gives homotelechelic polymers (method B). Carboxylate-capped telechelic poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) has been obtained in this way [82], where the adduct of a bifunctional vinyl ether with trifluoroacetic acid is the initiator, and the quencher is the malonate anion. For method C, a bifunctional trimethylsilyl enol ether, CH2=C[OSi(CH3)3]C6H4OCH2CH20C6H4[(CH3)3SiO]C=CH2, is a useful terminator (chain coupler) for vinyl ethers [142,147] and a-methyl-styrene [159] (see also Section VI.B.4). 

Halonitriles 1-31 (X = Cl, Br), unimer models of halogen-capped dormant poly (acrylonitrile), are specifically employed for the polymerization of acrylonitrile with copper halides. Controlled molecular weights and narrow MWDs (MJMn = 1.1 —1.4) are achieved.173 174 The strong electron-withdrawing cy-ano group facilitates the formation of the initiating radical, and may thus be employed for other monomers such as MMA with Fe catalysts74 and styrene with CuCl/L-1.84... 

The ABA-type block copolymers B-86 to B-88 were synthesized via termination of telechelic living poly-(THF) with sodium 2-bromoisopropionate followed by the copper-catalyzed radical polymerizations.387 A similar method has also been utilized for the synthesis of 4-arm star block polymers (arm B-82), where the transformation is done with /3-bromoacyl chloride and the hydroxyl terminal of poly(THF).388 The BAB-type block copolymers where polystyrene is the midsegment were prepared by copper-catalyzed radical polymerization of styrene from bifunctional initiators, followed by the transformation of the halogen terminal into a cationic species with silver perchlorate the resulting cation was for living cationic polymerization of THF.389 A similar transformation with Ph2I+PF6- was carried out for halogen-capped polystyrene and poly(/>methoxystyrene), and the resultant cationic species subsequently initiated cationic polymerization of cyclohexene oxide to produce... 

Recently, the group of Deffieux181 presented the synthesis and solution properties of macrocyclic poly-(styrene-/rethylene oxide). The synthetic route involved the preparation of a linear a-diethylacetal-a -styrenyl poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) precursor and cyclization by cationic activation with SnCh catalyst. The a-diethylacetal-poly(styrene-/rethyl-ene oxide) precursor was synthesized by using a-di-ethylacetalpropyllithium as initiator of styrene. The functional living PS was end-capped with ethylene oxide, and the resulted cu-hydroxyl group was reacted with diphenylmethylpotassium. The potassium alkox-... 

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