Free radical vinyl polymerization

Two types of organometallic photoinitiators for free radical vinyl polymerization are considered (1) transi-... 

The Temperature Dependence of the Gel Effect in Free-Radical Vinyl Polymerization... 

Autoacceleration, Glass and Zutty (S) and Burnett and Melville 9) reported an increase in the rate and average degree of polymerization with increasing solution viscosity, heterogeneous conditions and chain coiling for free radical, vinyl polymerizations. Autoacceleration is also called Trommsdorff. (10) effect. 

Free Radical Vinyl Polymerization. Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi, http //www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/radical.htm... 

Another polymer used for unbreakable windows is poly(methyl methacrylate). PMMA is a vinyl polymer, made by free radical vinyl polymerization from the monomer methyl methacrylate, according to the reaction in Fig. 14.4.5. Rohm and Haas introduced this PMMA-based shatterproof glass as Plexiglas. ... 

Figure 14.4.5 Free-radical vinyl polymerization of the monomer methyl methacrylate to form the vinyl polymer poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).

Free radical vinyl polymerization, the oldest process, leads to branched low density polyethylene (LDPE). Macromolecules have numerous short branches, which reduce the melting point, tensile strength and crystallinity. Polymers are relatively flexible because of the high volume of the branched molecule and the low crystallinity. 

It is interesting to note that due to their industrial importance, free radical polymerizations are the most studied reactions in chemistry. Furthermore, the kinetic approaches taken in this chapter are experimentally verified for essentially all typical free radical vinyl polymerizations. 

Allen, P. W., G. Ayrey, C. G. Moore and J. Scanlan Radiochemical studies of free-radical vinyl polymerizations. Part II. The polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of polyisoprenes use of C14-labeled initiators to determine the mechanism of graft-interpolymer formation. J. Polymer Sci. 36, 55 (1959). 

The parameter q gives the probability that the active end of the propagating chain adds another monomer to the growing chain. For free-radical vinyl polymerizations, q attains values close to 1 (usual values are larger than 0.99). However, for some nonliving anionic or cationic polymerizations, such as the cationic polymerization of epoxy groups, values of q may be lower. 

Many different methods of grafting have been developed. By far the greatest effort has been via free-radical vinyl-polymerization routes. The general reaction scheme is shown below ... 

Scheme 8.1 PMMA is a vinyl polymer made by free radical vinyl polymerization from the monomer methyl methacrylate.

Let us look more closely at the copolymerization process. Consider free radical vinyl polymerization of two monomers, M1 and M2. In each step the growing free... 

Neutral radical intermediates formed in the photo-oxidation of amines etc. by aryl ketones are useful in initiation of free radical vinyl polymerization and may afford technological advantages over more conventional photoinitiation systems (Ledwith and Purbrick, 1973 Ledwith, 1975). 

Contrary to the above-shown four propagation modes, a head-to-tail placement strongly predominates. This is true of most free-radical vinyl polymerizations. Such placement is shown in reaction 1. It is consistent with the localized energy at the a-carbon of the monomer. Also, calculations of resonance stabilization tend to predict head-to-tail additions. ... 

Polyvinylidene chloride n. Poly(l,l-dichlor-oethylene) poly(vinylidene chloride) is a vinyl polymer and is made from the monomer vinylidene chloride, using free radical vinyl polymerization. Co-polymers with vinyl chloride (15% or more) are widely used as packaging and food-wrapping films under the name Saran. Abbreviation is PVDC. 

Ishizu, K., and Mori, A. (2000). Synthesis of hyperbranched polymers by self-addition free radical vinyl polymerization of photo functional styrene. Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2/(10) 665 68. 

The orientation of monomer addition is influenced by the following factors (i) Stability of the new free radical or ioru It has been seen previously that the first step in free radical vinyl polymerization is the homolytic dissociation of the... 

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) n Poly(l,l-difluoroethylene) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) is made by free radical vinyl polymerization of the monomer vinylidene fluoride Poly(vinylidene fluoride) of PVDF has a has very high electrical resistance, PVDF resists ultraviolet and is often blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to make it more resistant to UV light. It is a piezoelectric material and when placed in an electric field wiU change its shape. 

The initiation process, similar to other free-radical vinyl polymerizations, involves the chemical decomposition of unstable peroxides - azocompounds, or persulfates - into free radicals which can react rapidly with monomer to begin the propagation of polymer chains [4]. In the case of a water-soluble initiator, the radical concentration in polymer particles is related to the initiator concentration in water and the radical capture efficiency of latex particles. The radical capture efficiency of monomer droplets is very small and, therefore, their contribution to overall polymerization process is negligible. Thus, the small surface area of monomer droplets and/or high concentration of radicals in monomer droplets disfavor the growth events. Using an oil-soluble initiator, the radical concentration in particles and monomer droplets is related to the initiator concentrations in both phases. The initiator concentration between these phases is usually expressed in terms of an initiator partition coefficient. 

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