Styrene-butadiene rubber formulation

Other polymers used in the PSA industry include synthetic polyisoprenes and polybutadienes, styrene-butadiene rubbers, butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, polychloroprenes, and some polyisobutylenes. With the exception of pure polyisobutylenes, these polymer backbones retain some unsaturation, which makes them susceptible to oxidation and UV degradation. The rubbers require compounding with tackifiers and, if desired, plasticizers or oils to make them tacky. To improve performance and to make them more processible, diene-based polymers are typically compounded with additional stabilizers, chemical crosslinkers, and solvents for coating. Emulsion polymerized styrene butadiene rubbers (SBRs) are a common basis for PSA formulation [121]. The tackified SBR PSAs show improved cohesive strength as the Mooney viscosity and percent bound styrene in the rubber increases. The peel performance typically is best with 24—40% bound styrene in the rubber. To increase adhesion to polar surfaces, carboxylated SBRs have been used for PSA formulation. Blends of SBR and natural rubber are commonly used to improve long-term stability of the adhesives. 

Other additives. Amorphous polypropylene, waxes and asphalt can be added to decrease the cost of BR formulations. On the other hand, PIB can be blended with NR, styrene-butadiene rubber, EVA and low molecular weight polyethylene to impart specific properties. 

In a block copolymer, a long segment made from one monomer is followed by a segment formed from the other monomer. One example is the block copolymer formed from styrene and butadiene. Pure polystyrene is a transparent, brittle material that is easily broken polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber that is very resilient, but soft and opaque. A block copolymer of the two monomers produces high-impact polystyrene, a material that is a durable, strong, yet transparent plastic. A different formulation of the two polymers produces styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), which is used mainly for automobile tires and running shoes, but also in chewing gum. 

The efficacy of polyurethane and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as binders for ground rubber prepared from waste tires was compared to a formulation of a compound developed without binder. Without binder, the effect of both sulfur and accelerator content on tensile properties are studied, as well as the effect of ageing on these properties [29]. The suggested uses of the unbound product include rubber blocks, and ballast mats for railway applications. 

As the PSA industry evolved, natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) were the primary elastomers used. Other backbone polymers were available but were used to a lesser degree. These other elastomers include polychloroprene, butyl rubber and nitrile rubber. Traditionally, formulations containing natural rubber have made use of polyterpene resins as tackifiers, particularly beta-pinene resins. The probable structure of a beta-pinene resin is given as follows and represents the terpene class of resins. 

Formulations containing styrene-butadiene rubber have made use of rosin or rosin derivatives as the tackifying resin, particularly rosin ester resins. A typical rosin ester is illustrated as foil ... 

Mixtures, formulated blends, or copolymers usually provide distinctive pyrolysis fragments that enable qualitative and quantitative analysis of the components to be undertaken, e.g., natural rubber (isoprene, dipentene), butadiene rubber (butadiene, vinylcyclo-hexene), styrene-butadiene rubber (butadiene, vinyl-cyclohexene, styrene). Pyrolyses are performed at a temperature that maximizes the production of a characteristic fragment, perhaps following stepped pyrolysis for unknown samples, and components are quantified by comparison with a calibration graph from pure standards. Different yields of products from mixed homopolymers and from copolymers of similar constitution may be found owing to different thermal stabilities. Appropriate copolymers should thus be used as standards and mass balance should be assessed to allow for nonvolatile additives. The amount of polymer within a matrix (e.g., 0.5%... 

Several elastomers can be used in rubber-based adhesives. The elastomer provides the backbone of the adhesive, so the main performance of the adhesive is provided by the rubber properties. However, several specific properties for application are imparted by adding other ingredients in the formulations. The most common elastomers used in rubber-based adhesives are natural rubber (NR), butyl rubber (BR) and polyisobutylenes, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), nitrile rubber (NBR) and polychloroprene rubber Neoprene) (CR). 

Compared with similar natural rubber compositions of the same hardness, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) formulations are characterized by lower tensile strength, elongation, and resilience, lower resistance to tear, flexing, abrasion, ozone, and sunlight, and higher permanent set. The freeze resistance and permeability to gases of styrene butadiene are equivalent to those of comparable natural rubber, and so are the electrical characteristics. 

Chemists have succeeded in making several synthetic rubbers. A general-purpose synthetic rubber is styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). SBR is a copolymer formed from monomers styrene and butadiene (Figure 15-34). Unlike many copolymers that must be combined in a 1 1 ratio, SBR can be made with varying amounts of each of its constituents. A common formulation consists of 25% styrene and 75% butadiene. SBR, cheaper than natural rubber, is used extensively to replace natural rubber in automobile tires. SBR ages better than natural rubber, but it does not have as much strength or tack (stickiness). Other synthetic rubbers include polybutadiene, used in tires and footwear, and polychloropene (neoprene), used in hoses and protective clothing such as wet suits. 

Pastor-Sempere [45] treated two styrene-butadiene rubbers with fumaric acid in a butan-2-ol/ethanol mixture. This resulted in improved adhesion in both cases, but the improvement with one formulation was significantly greater than the other. The lower peel strength was attributed to the presence of paraffin wax and zinc stearate. Roughening prior to treatment with fumaric acid resulted in additional improvements with both rubbers. Infrared analysis indicated that the fumaric acid was effective by introducing C=0 bonds and by reducing the concentration of zinc stearate. In addition, the fumaric acid caused a roughening of both rubbers. 

Adhesives have long represented a market, albeit relatively small, for styrene-butadiene rubbers. The original commercial SBR was used successfully in this application and today all of the SBRs, solution types as well as hot and cold emulsion types, are used in a variety of adhesive compositions. They are used by adhesive formulators as latexes or as solid rubbers. 

Unlike all the other classes described above these adhesives do not typically undergo hardening after they have been applied to the substrate surfaces and the joint formed. They are generally in the form of an already polymerized adhesive which is coated onto one or both sides of a backing material such as cellulose, polyester, foamed polyurethane, poly(vinyl chloride), aluminium or lead. The adhesive is usually permanently tacky and based upon natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber (random and, more recently, block copolymers), polyisobutylene or an acrylic polymer, but as usual is a complex formulation containing many additives. The adhesive is formulated so that it flows sufficiently, when hand pressure is applied to the joint for a short period of time, to wet the substrate adequately in order to attain a certain, albeit minimal, level of joint strength. Thus, the term pressure-sensitive is often applied to this class of adhesives. 

The formulation of a sulfur-vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber (R2) mainly contains the rubber polymer and precipitated silica as filler the rest of the components are minor in amount, but they are important to impart adequate vulcanization and protect the rubber from the degradation under use (mainly paraffin wax). The paraffin wax acts as a physical protecting agent against ozone by migration to the rubber surface (Romero-Sanchez and Martin-Martinez 2004). O Figure 43.6 shows the attenuated multiple total internal reflection-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectrum of the R2 bulk. The main bands correspond to rubber (styrene and butadiene) and silica, and the presence of CH2 moieties are minor corresponding to the paraffin wax. However, the ATR-FTIR spectrum of the R2 surface shows the main bands due... 

Uses Emulsion polymerization surfactant for vinyl acetate, acrylates, styrene-butadiene rubber emulsifier, solubilizer, antistat, and substantivity agent for hair care products, permanent wave formulations, straighteners, depilatories resistant to hydrolysis... 

In rubber technology, a compounding formulation is generally described in phr (part per one hundred rubber) of component. Let us consider a typical general-purpose formulation for styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) (Table 5.1). 

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