Styrene acrylamide, methyl

The nanoparticles consist of pyrogenic colloidal SiOj (Aerosol 1380, Degussa Co., Germany) with an average particle size of 7 nm. Styrene, acrylamide, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylic acid, and vinyl acetate, were used as grafting monomers without further purification. 

A terpolymer from a family of intramolecular polymeric complexes (i.e., polyampholytes), which are terpolymers of acrylamide-methyl styrene sulfonate-methacrylamido propyltrimethylammonium chloride [106,1418], has been reported. 

Guzman (53) investigated the ceric ion initiated grafting of acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methyl methacrylate, styrene, vinyl acetate, methacrylate, acrylic anhydride, and isoprene to cellulose. Intense grafting was obtained with acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylate and acrylic anhydride. 

The ozonization method has been extended to the most varied polymer/monomer systems, such as polybutadiene-03 with acrylamide, methyl methacrylate or styrene, cellulose-03 with styrene or acrylonitrile (127), starch-03 with styrene (126). In this last case the formation of some homopolystyrene as side-product has been mentionned by the authors. The starch-styrene graft copolymers are claimed to be good emulsifiers for water-oil suspensions. 

Tt has been observed recently (14, 15) that catalytic concentrations of - sulfur dioxide can easily initiate the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, and styrene at or near room temperature but fails to initiate polymerization in other monomers such as acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, and vinyl pyridine under similar conditions. However, in the presence of catalytic concentrations of sulfur dioxide and a hydroperoxide, such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide, all the above monomers polymerize readily. The results of further investigations on vinyl polymerization in the presence of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide are reported here. 

Lignin has been grafted with ethenylbenzene [43,44] (styrene), 4-methyl-2-oxy-3-oxopent-4-ene [45,46] (methylmethacrylate), 2-propenamide (acrylamide), 2-propene nitrile [47] (acrylonitrile), cationic monomers, anionic monomers, and propenoic acid ethoxylates. An index of compounds listing structure, product name, and trivial name is given in Table 3. Two types of... 

Such materials are used in baking finishes. Assume that a manufacturer wishes to make a polymer based on methyl methacrylate or styrene and about 15 mol% acrylamide. If the following reactivity ratios are correct, is there any advantage in terms of evenly spaced cross-links in using either styrene or methyl methacrylate as the major component ... 

Fe(III)-protoporphyrin-IX-dimethylester (7d) (0.03 mol%) was copolymerized with 7-conjugated monomers like styrene or methyl methacrylate in bulk and acrylamide in methanol using radicalic initiators Increasing the ratio of [7d]/[styrene] the molecular weight decreased (Table 3) indicating a chain transfer efiect of the porphyrin (chain transfer coeffident C,= 2.3). On the other side the content of covalent bond is increasing (Table 3). Therefore it is supposed that the observed reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) led to an addition of one porphyrin only at the chain end to give the polymer (34) (Eq. 14). 

Nonionic, anionic, and cationic VP copolymers are all available commercially to enhance the hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionic properties of PVP for specihc applications. Important comonomers include vinyl acetate (VA), acrylic acid (AA), vinyl alcohol, dimethy-laminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA), styrene, maleic anhydride, acrylamide, methyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate (LM), a-olelins, methacrylamido-propyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC), vinyl caprolactam (VCL), and dimethylaminopropyl-methacrylamide (DMAPMA). 

Bulk addition multipolymerization kinetics occurs when two monomers are employed. Bulk free-radical homopolymerizations and copolymerizations that are implemented in REX include a) styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-methyl methacrylate, styrene-acrylamide b) methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile, ABS c) acrylate ester mixtures d) ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid and mixtures with other monomers e) methyl methacrylate f) 8-caprolactone and, n-isopropylacrylamide-acrylic... 

Monomer. St, styrene MMA, methyl methacrylate AN, acrylonitrile NIPAAm, /V-isopropylacrylamide MAA, methacryhc acid NDEAMA, 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate MBAA, MW -methylene bisa-crylamide TRIM, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate ODVE, octadecylvinyl ether ODA, octadecyl acrylate DMAAm, iV,iV-dimethylacrylamide PyMMA, 1-pyrenylmethyl methacrylate AnMMA, 9-an-thracenylmethyl methacrylate HDT, 1,6-hexane dithiol TEGDVE, triethyleneglycol divinyl ether HEMA, hydroxyethyl methacrylate AAm, acrylamide PEG-DA, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate PEG-TA, poly(ethylene glycol) tetraacrylate. 

The preceeding categorization is unambiguous provided we recognize that neither the initiator nor monomer are absolutely insoluble in either aqueous or organic media and partition to some extent. For example, styrene and methyl methacrylate have solubilities of 0.007 wt % and 1.6 wt % respectively in water [28], and acrylamide has a solubility of 1.6% in isoparaffinic solvents [29] and 2% in toluene [24]. Therefore, in referring to solubility we must define the phase of primary solubility. 

NMR analysis has indicated [9b] that the olefin used does not isomerize during copolymerization. Various vinyl monomers copolymerize with SO2 such as vinyl chloride, styrene, acrylamide, and chloroprene. However, methyl methacrylate is reported [9b] to homopolymerize in SO2 when used as a solvent (cationially or radically) but not to form polysulfones (sulfur dioxide copolymers). 

Copolymerization reactions are affected by solvents. One example that can be cited is an effect of addition of water or glacial acetic acid to a copolymerization mixture of methyl methacrylate with acrylamide in dimethyl sulfoxide or in chloroform. This caused changes in reactivity ratios. Changes in r values that result from changes in solvents in copolymerizations of styrene with methyl methacrylate is another example. The same is true for styrene acrylonitrile copolymeriza-tion. There are also some indications that the temperature may have some effect on the reactivity ratios/ at least in some cases. 

In formations of ternary complexes, the acceptor vinyl compound must have a double bond conjugated to a cyano or to a carbonyl group. Such acceptors are acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylic and methacrylic esters and acids, methyl vinyl ketone, acrylamide, etc. Donor monomers are styrene, a-methyl styrene, butadiene, 2-3-dimethyl butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, etc. 

Acrylamide Cetyl methacrylate Ethylene propylene maleic anhydride copolymer Pentadecyl methacrylate Polyethylene Styrene/a-methyl styrene resin adhesive additive, elastomeric coatings to synthetic fiber fabrics Chlorobenzene... 

The glass transitions of amorphous copolymers change smoothly with concentration from one pure component to the other, as is shown in Fig. 7.67 for poly(acrylamide-co-styrene), poly(methyl acrylate-co-styrene), and poly(styrene-co-... 

The second study concerns polymerisation of various monomers, viz. styrene, acrylamide, and methyl methacrylate, in bicontinuous cubic phases [6.11]. These phases are simultaneously continuous in both the hydrophilic component (water) and the hydrophobic component (hydrocarbons), and they also have a crystallographic cubic symmetry. This is a judicious choice. These phases are extremely viscous and rearrange themselves very slowly compared with bicontinuous microemulsions. The latter have low viscosity and continuously reorganise on a microsecond time scale. 

The polymerization process of two monomers with different polarities in similar ratios is difficult due to solubility problems. Using the miniemulsion process, it was possible to start from very different spatial monomer distributions, and this resulted in very different amphiphilic copolymers in dispersion [23]. The monomer, which is insoluble in the continuous phase, is miniemulsified in order to form stable and small droplets with a small amount of surfactant The monomer with the opposite hydrophilicity dissolves in the continuous phase (but not in the droplets). The formation of acrylamide/MMA (AAm/MMA) and acrylamide/ styrene (AAm/Sty) copolymers was chosen as examples of the miniemulsion process. In all cases, the syntheses were carried out in water as well as in cyclohexane as the continuous phase. If the synthesis is performed in water, the hydrophobic monomer with a low water solubiHty (styrene or methyl methacrylate)... 

Fig. 3. Requirements for Z and R groups of RAFT agent for the controlled polymerization of styrene (STY), methyl methacrylate (MMA), methyl acrylate (MA), acrylamide (AM), acrylonitrile (AN), and vinyl acetate (VAc).

Fig. 1 Guidelines for the selection of Z-groups and R-groups for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate MMA), styrene (5), methyl acrylate MA), acrylamide AM), acrylonitrile AN) and vinyl acetate (VAc). For Z, addition rate decreases and fragmentation rate increases from to right. For R, fragmentation rates decrease from left to right. Dashed line indicates partial controL Adapted from Moad et al. [9]...

A large number of monomers, such as St, MMA, ra-butyl acrylate, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, and methacrylonitrile, can be polymerized in a controlled manner with photoiniferters (Table 3.3). However, for other monomers such as vinyl acetate and methyl acrylate, dithiocarbamates provide poor or no control over the polymerization. The living character of the polymerization seems to depend on the nature of the monomer and decreases from styrene to methyl methacrylate, and basically disappears in the case of acrylates. 

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