Streptococcus faecalis growth

Several tetrahydroquinazoline analogs of folic acid were synthesized by Baker and co-workers as potential anticancer agents, and the substance (61), at 50 m/ g/ml, gave a 50% inhibition of growth of Streptococcus faecalis on a Flynn folic acid medium containing 3 m/i,g of folic acid. 

G8. Girdwood, R. H., The occurrence of growth factors for Lactobacillus leich-mannii, Streptococcus faecalis and Leuconostoc citrovorum in the tissues of pernicious anaemia patients and controls. Biochem. J. 52, 58-63 (1952). 

Studies on growth factors required by certain microorganisms, for example Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus casei, and of their relevance in animal nutrition, led to the isolation and characterization of folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid (104), the structure of which was determined in 1946. It is an essential vitamin for man and together with vitamin B12 it is involved in the development of blood cells. Deficiency causes macrocytic anaemia. Many microorganisms do not use exogenous folic acid, but synthesize their own, and some... 

The isolation of lipoic acid in 1951 followed an earlier discovery that the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena geleii required an unknown factor for growth. In independent experiments acetic acid was observed to promote rapid growth of Lactobacillus casei, but it could be replaced by an unknown "acetate replacing factor." Another lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus faecalis was unable to oxidize pyruvate without addition of "pyruvate oxidation factor." By 1949, all three unknown substances were recognized as identical.291 2913 After working up the equivalent of 10 tons of water-soluble residue from liver, Lester Reed and his collaborators isolated 30 mg of a fat-soluble acidic material which was named lipoic acid (or 6-thioctic acid).292 294... 

Azauracil [1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2,4)-dione] inhibits the growth of various micro-organisms. When grown in the presence of 6-azauracil- -C, Streptococcus jaecalis accumulates radioactive metabolites in the acid-soluble fraction of the cells. A major metabolite is D-ribofuranosyl-6-aza-uracil. This material is identical with material prepared by condensing tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride with the mercuric derivative of 6-azauracil, followed by debenzoylation. A second major metaboUte was tentatively shown to be D-ribosyl-6-azauracil 5-phosphate. Bacteria develop resistance against 6-azauracil and its D-ribosyl derivative. Resistant Streptococcus faecalis will not convert 6-azauracil to its D-ribosyl derivative or to other bound forms, and the bacterium has also lost the ability to incorporate uracil into the nucleic acids of its cells. 

Minimal in motor activity of albino rats Growth minima Pseudomonas fragi, streptococcus faecalis. 

It is the purpose of this paper to record the results of clinical and hematologic studies on 5 children with acute leukaemia treated by the intramuscular injection of a synthetic compound, 4-aminopteroylglu-tamic acid (aminopterin). This substance is an antagonist of folic acid regarding growth of Streptococcus faecalis R. ... 

As reviewed in detail by Rosenberg and Godwin (R18), folate absorption has been measured by three basically different methods (1) measurement of rises in blood folate after an oral dose, (2) measurement of folate compounds in urine after an oral dose, and (3) administration of isotopically labeled folate by mouth followed by measurement of isotope appearing in plasma and excreted in urine and feees. Folate in plasma and urine is assayed with bacteria, usually strains of Lactobacillus casei or Streptococcus faecalis, which require folate for growth. They differ somewhat in the forms of folate they can utilize, but in general these microbiological assays measure unconjugated folate in either their reduced or unreduced forms. 

Nutritional studies with Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus faecalis R resulted in the discovery of new growth factors given the names norite eluate factor and folic acid, respectively. Assay methods using these two organisms were employed in the isolation of folic acid and related compounds from natural extracts. However, a number of previously reported biological responses to natural extracts may now be attributed to the folic acid group. 

Lipoic Acid. The formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate involves an additional cofactor, lipoic acid. This compound was studied independently as a growth factor for the protozoa Tetrahymena (protogen), a growth factor for Lactobacillus casei (acetate replacing factor) and a pyruvate oxidation factor for Streptococcus faecalis. - Pure synthetic compounds were made and called thioctic acid and lipoic acid. The officially accepted name for the structure given below is lipoic acid. Lipoic acid is... 

Pyridoxal Phosphate, Codecarboxylase. An independent approach to the nature of the amino acid decarboxylases was made by Gunsalus, Umbreit, and collaborators. They found that the production of tyrosine decarboxylase by Streptococcus faecalis depended on the vitamin, pyri-doxine. In the absence of pyridoxine the cells grew but had little decarboxylase. However, addition of the vitamin permitted deficient cells to decarboxylate tyrosine, and dried cells exhibited active enzyme in the presence of pyridoxal (a derivative of pyridoxine) and ATP, implying the formation of an active cofactor from these substances. Pyridoxal is a more active growth factor for a strain of Streptococcus faecalis than pyridoxine both synthetic pyridoxal and pyridoxamine exhibit 5000 to 9000 times the activity of the hydroxy compound. ... 

A model has been proposed by Thompson (1971) based on the elec-tronmicrographs of Higgins and Shockman (1970) and of Higgins et al. (1970). It suggests that in Streptococcus faecalis new wall growth begins... 

The mediation of Bu in DNA synthesis apart from its role in the biogenesis of purines, was further documented by Rege and Sreenivasan (1954), who showed that cyanocobalamin stimulated DNA but not RNA synthesis by Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus casei, whether or not folic acid was present. The basal medium contained purines and pyrimidines. The folic acid required for growth was not replaceable by cyanocobalamin. 

EE Snell. Effect of heat sterilization on growth promoting activity of pyridoxine for Streptococcus faecalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 51 356-358, 1942. 

The close biogenetic relationship that appears to exist between folic acid and riboflavin is further borne out by a recent study of Clapper and Meade ( 8b) who found that when the amount of folic acid required for growth of a strain of Streptococcus faecalis was limiting, the amount of riboflavin synthesized by the organism was depressed. This relationship also held in nonproliferating cells. The authors speculate that folic acid may be degraded to a pteridine that can be utilized for riboflavin synthesis. 

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