Independence approach

Baer M, Yahalom A and Engelman R 1998 Time-dependent and time-independent approaches to study effects of degenerate electronic states J. Chem. Phys. 109 6550... 

It is remarkable that in the same year, 1934, two independent approaches, those of Stoll et al. and of Kuhn, led to the definition of two quantities which are conceptually quite similar and can be practically identical in many actual cases. In either case the intramolecular reaction is compared to a corresponding intermolecular process. This is the dimerisation reaction of the bifunctional reactant in the definition of the cyclisation constant C in the case of the effective concentration Crff Winter must be determined with the aid of an inter-molecular model reaction, the choice of which is not always obvious and can possibly lead to conceptual as well as experimental difficulties. It is also worth noting that although these early workers established a firm basis for interpretation of physical as well as of preparative aspects of intramolecular reactions, no extensive use of quantities C and Qff appears to have been made in the chemical literature over more than three decades after their definition. This is in spite of the enormous development of studies in the field of... 

Ivanov A. N. et al, On pionic hydrogen. Quantum field theoretic, relativistic covariant and model independent approach arXiv nucl-th/0306047. 

In the independence approach the planning functions are stripped from the old-fashioned ERP system and a modem complete APS system is added as a separate server system with an independent persistent data model and integrated by an interface (Fig. 12.2). Some users of the ERP system also use this separate APS system. This approach is supported, e.g., by the software products SAP APO resp. 

Fig. 12.2 Independence approach decomposition into separate planning systems.

The independence approach allows for a good encapsulation of the APS issue but requires major changes in business processes. It requires the creation and maintenance of an independent data model with its own data structure and the definition of new business processes. Introduction of the APS system must be done in a big bang. Integration is not fully guaranteed, its quality depends on the throughput and the error tolerance of the integration interface. 

The most common approach for the comparison of dissolution profiles is model-independent approach using the similarity factor f2. The pre-requisites for using the /2-test are the following ... 

Alternative methods and algorithms may be used, such as the model-independent approach to compare similarity limits derived from multi-variate statistical differences (MSD) combined with a 90% confidence interval approach for test and reference batches (21). Model-dependent approaches such as the Weibull function use the comparison of parameters obtained after curve fitting of dissolution profiles. See Chapters 8 and 9 for further discussion of these methods. 

In a totally independent approach, highly fluorescent but rigid molecules can be used and their reorientational movement probed in solution, mostly by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy, (85) For rodlike molecules likep-oligo-phenyls, this movement corresponds to the reorientation of the long molecular axis the length of which can be easily varied. 86 The use of fluorescence probes in liquid and solid media and on surfaces has been treated recently in several reviews and books. 87 ... 

The laboratories have a quality manager and quality section. The quahty section prepares all of the analytical quality control (AQC) standards for the laboratories, including spiked and duplicate samples. The quality section is a separate laboratory with a separate supply of deionized water, glassware, balances and chemicals. The latter, wherever possible, are purchased from a different source to those for the analytical sections. These actions ensure a more independent approach to quality control. 

R. Although expressions for this parameter exist, they are derived by a hybrid of molecular mechanical and thermodynamic arguments which are not at present known to be consistent as droplet size decreases (8). An analysis of the size limitation of the validity of these arguments has, to our knowledge, never been attempted. Here we evaluate these expressions and others which are thought to be only asymptotically correct. Ve conclude, from the consistency of these apparently independent approaches, that the surface of tension, and, therefore, the surface tension, can be defined with sufficient certainty in the size regime of the critical embryo of classical nucleation theory. 

Non-compartmental or model-independent approaches to pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics of drug action Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models INTRODUCTION... 

The above experiments are generally difficult to perform and the interpretation of the results may not necessarily be straightforward. The low abundance of the neutral products collected and the likelihood of mass spectral interference between reagents and products make these techniques applicable only to special cases. An independent approach to this problem has been proposed by Marinelli and Morton (1978) who have used an electron-bombardment flow reactor allowing in principle for larger collection of neutral products followed by glc and mass spectral analysis. 

Consumers will support investment in science if it helps to deliver products they value. But, in addition, public confidence in the whole notion ofiscience must be strong and well founded. People must feel that science is serving society and that it is properly regulated, open and accountable. The BSE crisis and the controversy over GMfoods have raised questions about the value of scientific progress in society. [...] We need a more systematic and independent approach to satisfy public concerns about the risks created by scientific innovation. (DTI, 2000, chapter 1, paragraph 16)... 

Four independent approaches have been used to investigate the properties of self-avoiding walks. 

A different and independent approach to determine the parameters of KC8 is made by conductivity measurements. The dissociation constant of carbanionic compounds displays no simple temperature dependence according to the van t Hoff equation as Worsfold and Bywater (32) and Szwarc (33) have already shown. When we assume two types of ion pairs, the experimentally measured dissociation constant is given by... 

Fig. 8.8 Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene at 45°C (a) reaction heat flow (b) conversion in terms of hydrogen consumed as obtained by three independent approaches (c) concentrations of nitrobenzene and aniline obtained by PCA from the spectroscopic data [14-16].

As an independent approach Fourier transform infrared studies of isotactic polystyrene gels favours isotactic sequences in an ordered conformation different from the Natta type three-fold helix (38). 

In the previous sections, we have seen that a resonance can be described through both a time-dependent approach and a time-independent approach. The goal of this section is to create a unified picture that joins both methodologies and explain how general wave packets evolve into pseudostationary decaying states. 

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