Strengths and weaknesses

and EDTM Pare all strong chelants across all metals, which is why they are so widely used. Phosphonates can also prevent scale formation by inhibiting the crystal growth of calcium carbonate, of which none of the amino-carboxylates and polysuccinates are capable. This strength can also be a weakness, in that they can be less selective for transition metal ions in the presence of hardness 

DTPA Strong chelant for all metals Less selective Poorly biodegradable 

Ca/Mg chelation Weaker for transition metals 

EDDS Most selective transition metal chelant Ca/Mg chelation 

Problems regulating chemical use in SME occur across the EU proves no exception to these four countries (see Section 2.2.2). A common response of UK, German and Swedish interviewees on this issue is that SME often require a hands-on approach to information provision and technical support whereas French interviewees tended to perceive risks as a result of insufficient regulatory monitoring and enforcement [389]. 

Several interviews confirmed that controlling chemicals in SME in Germany has been facilitated by branch regulation and technical standards [390]. Similarly, two Swedish regulators reported positive results from sector-specific guidance. These Swedish regulators 

One interviewee described that employer opposition to the Worker Safety Advisor scheme has halted its development across all industry sectors in the UK [395, 396]. French interviewees described several safety representative state-sponsored schemes in France, but the resources appear far more restricted than in Sweden. There was no evidence from the interviews or literature review to indicate that Germany has such a scheme. Evidence from the interviews indicates that such schemes in France and Sweden link to their strong social health care system, with very high union membership distinguishing Sweden from France. 

36 Regional Safety Representatives visit many micro-enterprises (fewer than 10 employees) [391]. This activity is made possible by high state provisions heavily supplemented by trade union contributions [392]. 

The UK system of management appears to send mixed messages to stakeholders. The combination of lengthy stakeholder consultations, in-depth cost-benefit analyses, complex bureaucracy, and final decisions made at a political level appears to limit the incentive for companies taking beyond-compliance action or seeking innovative new solutions. A further result is that much of the responsibility becomes focussed on regulators and industry rather than a wider set of stakeholder associations (e.g., trade unions, occupational insurance companies). 

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B3.1.6.2 COMPUTATIONAL REQUIREMENTS, STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF VARIOUS METHODS (A) COMPUTATIONAL STEPS... 

Advanced users can also benefit from reading this guide. Many people use a lim ited n n mber of algorith m s an d methods for chem -ical calculation s. This book compares of the differen t meth ods in IlyperChem and helps you determine the most appropriate method for your research problems. The book discusses strengths and weaknesses of the methods and algorithms. 

The relative strengths and weaknesses of perturbation theory and the variational method, as applied to studies of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules, are discussed in Section 6. 

The ability of the user to apply the technique in a way consistent with its strengths and weaknesses... 

It is possible to use computational techniques to gain insight into the vibrational motion of molecules. There are a number of computational methods available that have varying degrees of accuracy. These methods can be powerful tools if the user is aware of their strengths and weaknesses. The user is advised to use ah initio or DFT calculations with an appropriate scale factor if at all possible. Anharmonic corrections should be considered only if very-high-accuracy results are necessary. Semiempirical and molecular mechanics methods should be tried cautiously when the molecular system prevents using the other methods mentioned. 

One of the major difficulties with molecular mechanics procedures (MMh- or otherwise) is that they almost always fail. That is, you find that force constants are not available for the molecule of interest. This is both the strength and weakness of molecular mechanics it uses atom types to introduce specific chemical environments for the atoms within a molecule (to obtain accuracy in the calculations) but then requires knowledge of force constants specific to that chemical environment (as specific as stating that an atom is in a five-member ring containing one oxygen and one carbon, for example). As the number, N, of atom types rises the number of force constants needed to describe all possible occurrences of these atom type becomes very large. For torsions, for... 

Nevertheless, each of the more popular isotherm models have been found useful for modeling adsorption behavior in particular circumstances. The following outlines many of the isotherm models presently available. Detailed discussions of derivations, assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses of these and other isotherm models are given in references 4 and 7—16. 

Searching of one or more on-line databases is a technique increasingly used ia novelty studies. The use of such databases enables the searcher to combine indexing parameters, including national and international classifications natural language words ia the full text of patents, ia their claims, or ia abstracts suppHed by iaventor and by professional documentation services and indexing systems of various sorts. Because the various patent databases have strengths and weaknesses that complement each other, the use of multiple databases is thus pmdent, and is faciUtated by multifile and cross-file techniques provided by the various on-line hosts. 

Databases differ in their strengths and weaknesses, as well as in their focus. As a result, dupHcate searches carried out on different databases generally produce different results. This has been demonstrated in comparative studies of retrieval results for a group of patent databases (31,32). Participants in one study (31) made an effort to develop optimal search strategies in each database tested, yet in no instance did one file produce perfect retrieval. Both investigations (31,32) found that results from the various databases complemented each other. As a result, searchers are counseled to use multiple databases whenever possible. There is no pat answer to the question of how many files to use or which files to use however, more files mean more expenditure, and searchers must develop their own cost—benefit relationship. 

Advantages to Membrane Separation This subsertion covers the commercially important membrane applications. AU except electrodialysis are pressure driven. All except pervaporation involve no phase change. All tend to be inherently low-energy consumers in the-oiy if not in practice. They operate by a different mechanism than do other separation methods, so they have a unique profile of strengths and weaknesses. In some cases they provide unusual sharpness of separation, but in most cases they perform a separation at lower cost, provide more valuable products, and do so with fewer undesirable side effects than older separations methods. The membrane interposes a new phase between feed and product. It controls the transfer of mass between feed and product. It is a kinetic, not an equihbrium process. In a separation, a membrane will be selective because it passes some components much more rapidly than others. Many membranes are veiy selective. Membrane separations are often simpler than the alternatives. 

Strengths and Weaknesses The major strength to the gaussian approach is that the method is easy to apply. For most cases of interest, i.e., centerline concentrations along the ground, the equations reduce to a very simple form. 

In communicating risk information, trust and credibility are imperative. If you do not know an answer, say so, then get back to those people when you do have an answer. Discuss data uncertainties, strengths, and weaknesses, including ones identified by other credible sources. Identify worst-case estimates as such, and cite ranges of risk estimates when appropriate. 

In this final section, we recapitulate the relationship between long-range electrostatics and boundary conditions while attempting to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the three choices we have outlined. 

Compare the strengths and weaknesses of health effects information obtained from epidemiological, clinical, and toxicological studies. 

EDS and WDS spectra of a multielement glass, shown in Figure 4, illustrate some major strengths and weaknesses ... 

Hillary, Ruth, ed. ISO 14001 Case Studies and Practical Experiences. Sheffield, U.K. The Network for Environmental Management, Greenleaf Publishing, 2000. - Contains case studies that provide experiences of companies and what certifiers look for when they visit firms. Highlights ISO 14001 s strengths and weaknesses. Analyzes environmental and economic performance improvements under ISO 14001. 

To consolidate multiple reports efficiently, you may want to develop an enlarged chart based on the assessment report form (questionnaire, protocol, other), which can be filled in as assessments are completed. This may help to illustrate common strengths and weaknesses, as well as highlighting pacesetter programs and gaps. 

In collecting data for assessing the strengths and weaknesses of PSM systems, the auditor can also make an initial judgment about the maturity of the program. The levels of system or program maturity can be broken down into three stages. 

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