Stoichiometry acetic acid production

Figure 2 illustrates the effect of incremental changes in ruthenium catalyst content upon the production of acetic acid and its C1--C2 alkyl acetate esters. Acetic acid production is maximized at Ru/Co ratios of ca. 1.0 1.5 however, the data in Figure 2 do show an approximate first order dependence of lOAc (acetic acid plus acetate esters) upon initial ruthenium content—at least up to the 2/1, Ru/Co stoichiometry under the chosen conditions. Selectivity to acetic acid in the liquid product peaks at 92 wt % (carbon efficiency 95 mol %) for a catalyst combination with initially low Ru/Co ratios (e.g. 1 4). The formation of C1-C2 alkanols and their acetate esters rapidly exceeds acetic acid productivity when the Ru/Co atomic ratio is raised above 1.5, although two-carbon oxygenates continue to be the predominant fraction. Smaller quantities of glycol may also be in evidence. 

The yield of 1,3-PD depends on the combination and stoichiometry of the reductive and oxidative pathways. It has been shown that the combination of 1,3-PD generation with acetic acid as the sole by-product of the oxidative pathway results in the maximum yield of 1,3-PD [34,35]. For this combination, the fermentation equations can be written as ... 

Agrawal and Mushran studied the kinetics of the silver ion-catalysed oxidation of acetamide. The stoichiometry is uncertain, but acetic acid and nitrogen are the main products. The rate is approximately first-order with respect to both peroxodisulphate and silver ions, and is almost independent of the substrate concentration. No definite conclusions regarding the mechanism can be drawn, but the kinetics suggest a chain process. Agrawal et report similar results for the oxidation of formamide. 

Currently ranked 41st in American volume of production, vinyl acetate is made by the vapor phase reaction of ethylene with acetic acid at 170-200°C. Pressures of 5-8 atm and a palladium catalyst supported on carbon are required to give conversions of 10-15% on ethylene and 15-30% on acetic acid. Equation 19.28 is an overall representation of the stoichiometry of the complex process. 

Reaction SMILES is an extension to standard SMILES used to represent a specific reaction. It uses punctuation to distinguish reactants from products. For example, the reaction SMILES CC(=0)0.CN CC(=0)NC.0 represents the reaction of acetic acid with methylamine to form N-methylacetamide plus water. As with standard SMILES, explicit H atoms are typically not shown, although they may be. For example, the same reaction can represented as [CH3]C(=0)[0FI].[CH3][NH2] [CH3]C(=0)[NH][CH3].[H]0[H]. The punctuation is used to separate reactants from products, and the period is used to separate reactants or products from each other. There are no rules in reaction SMILES that enforce correct reaction stoichiometry or other aspects of actual chemical reactions. 

We know from the conservation of mass that when we run a reaction in a batch reactor the mass of products must be equal to the mass of reactants so long as nothing has escaped from the reactor. This holds absolutely and is independent of the chemical reaction type, mechanism, or stoichiometry. All that chemical reactions do is to rearrange the atoms and mass in the molecules. In essence the labels on the mass change but that is all. If the reaction in solution leads to a gas such as the reaction of baking soda with vinegar water (that is, sodium bicarbonate with dilute acetic acid), then a mass change can take place because one of the products is a gas and can escape the vessel ... 

The chromatographic SMB reactor has been examined for various reaction stoichiometries, with the main focus on reactions of the type A + B C + D. Examples are esterifications of acetic acid with methanol (Lode et al., 2003 Strohlein, Mazzotti, and Morbidelli, 2005), ethanol (Mazzotti et al, 1996), and p -phenethyl alcohol (Kawase et al, 1996) as well as the production of bisphenol A (Kawase ef al, 1999). The same reaction type can also be found for various hydrocarbons, such as the transfer reaction of sucrose with lactose to lactosucrose (Kawase ef al, 2001) and the hydrolysis of lactose (Shieh and Barker, 1996). Barker ef al (1992), Kurup ef al (2004) and Strohlein, Mazzotti, and Morbidelli (2005) focused on reactions of the type A B + C, such as enzyme-catalyzed sucrose inversion and the production of dextran. 

Replacement of acetic acid by another hydroxyl radical scavenger, bicarbonate, resulted in no accumulation of peroxide (Figure O, seemingly supporting Case II. Yet the stoichiometry of the peroxide photolysis experiments (Table I) suggests that the scavenging product, carbonate radical anion (Equation 11),... 

Prepared by acetylation of cellulose with acetic anhydride/acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid. Acetylation is normally carried out fully to produce a product known as primary acetate, which approaches the triacetate stoichiometry, and which may then be partially hydrolysed to secondary acetate (DS value 2.2-2.5). Used in manuf. of textile fibres, cigarete filters and lacquers, including photographic films. World production 740000 t in 1987. 

The theoretical yield of product is the maximum amount of product that can be obtained by a reaction from given amounts of reactants. It is the amount that you calculate from the stoichiometry based on the limiting reactant. In Example 3.16, the theoretical yield of acetic acid is 27.3 g. In practice, the actual yield of a product may be much less for several possible reasons. First, some product may be lost during the process of separating it from the final reaction mixture. Second, there may be other,... 

The aUcoxide-salt method has been successfully used in the synthesis of compounds of complex stoichiometries as well. One example (Shen et al., 2002) is the synthesis of nanocrystalline Li4TisOi2. The two cation-sources were tetrabutyl titanate and lithium acetate with solvents like 2-propanol, acetic acid and water. Aging of the mixed solution led to the formation of a white gel that was dried and calcined to obtain the crystalline target product. The titanate crystallized as the single phase at 800°C the average size of the particles was 100 nm. 

Fig. 6.4 compares the anode and cathode polarization between AEM and CEM. The cathode potential was increased about 200 mV with AEM compared with CEM, whereas the anode potential decreased to 80-300 mV depending on the current density. The advantage of AEM-type DEFCs is based on reduction of both anode and cathode over voltages [16]. Quantitative analyses of the product species during the operation of DEFCs were carried out to determine the stoichiometry of DEFCs. The formation of acetaldehyde or acetic acid as an oxidation product from ethanol was expected during the operation of AEM-type DEFCs, as described by Eqs. (6.4)... 

The reaction of 2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethanol (119) with divinylether (118) under different conditions gives three products, namely, the expected vinyl acetal (120) and the bis-acetal (121) from addition of one and two equivalents of 2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethanol, respectively, and the vinyl ether (122), which results from franx-etherification of (118) with loss of acetaldehyde. Shackelford and co-workers found that by altering the nature of the Lewis acid catalyst and the reaction stoichiometry they were able to alter the distribution ratio of these products. 

Similar information was not available for protein fermentation, and so this fermentation was assumed with little factual basis to result in the production of approximately equal molar concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. The fat in municipal wastewater consists primarily of even carbon fatty acids which have been verified to be fermented by beta oxidation to methane and acetate (4), resulting quite closely in this case to the stoichiometry given by the listed reaction. 

Propionic acid is also formed as a co-product when methyl acetate is treated with carbon monoxide in the presence of hydrogen [28]. Rhodium-based homogeneous catalyst systems have been described which permit the homologation of esters according to two alternative stoichiometries. The reactions proceed under mild conditions according to eqs. (17) and (18) [31] ... 

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