Beta-oxidation

Beta oxidation doe.s not occnr. significantly in plant mitochondria. 

Eder, M., Krantle, R, Dong, Y, et al., 1997. Characterization of human and pig kidney long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogena.se.s and dieir role in beta-oxidation. European Journal of Biochemistry 245 600—607. 

Michael reactions and, 895 Beta-keto ester, 851 alkylation of, 859-860 cyclic, 892-893 decarboxylation of, 857, 860 Michael reactions and. 895 pKd of, 852 synthesis of, 892-893 Beta-lactam antibiotics, 824-825 Beta oxidation pathway, 1133-1137 mechanism of, 1133-1136 Beta-pleated sheet (protein), 1038 molecular model of, 1039 secondary protein structure and, 1038-1039 Betaine, 720 Bextra. structure of, 544 BHA, synthesis of, 629 BHT, synthesis of. 629 Bicycloalkane. 129 Bijvoet. J. M., 299 Bimolecular, 363... 

Mortensen PB. C6-C10-dicarboxyUc aciduria in starved, fat-fed and diabetic rats receiving decanoic acid or medium-cbain triacylglycerol. An in vivo measure of the rate of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Biochim BiophysActa, 1981, 664(2), 349-355. 

Wood PA Defects in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids. CurrOpin Lipidol 1999 10 107. 

Elder DJE, P Morgan, DJ Kelly (1992) Anaerobic degradation of tra -cinnamate and u-phenylalkane carboxylic acids by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris evidence for a beta-oxidation mechanism. Arch Microbiol 157 148-154. 

M (32% increase in liver weights 178% increase in peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme activity)... 

A 32% increase in liver weights, along with a 187% increase in peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity, was noted in rats exposed to 1,000 mg/kg/day MIL-H-5606 for 26 days (Mattie et al. 1993). The toxicological significance of the changes in peroxisomal enzyme activities is unclear. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No studies regarding hepatic effects in humans following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids were located. In an animal study, histopathological examination of the livers from rats exposed by inhalation to <1.0 mg/m3 of the water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluid Houghto-Safe 5047F for 90 days, 23 hours/day, showed no treatment-related lesions (Kinkead et al. 1991). Animal data for oral exposure are limited to one study where rats were exposed to MIL-H-5606 at 1,000 mg/kg/day for 26 days (Mattie et al. 1993). Increases in liver weight and peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity were observed. 

Wang, X. D., R. M. Russell, C. Liu et al. 1996. Beta-oxidation in rabbit liver in vitro and in the perfused ferret liver contributes to retinoic acid biosynthesis from beta-apocarotenoic acids. J Biol Chem 271 (43) 26490-26498. 

Metaboiism/Excretion- Iloprost is metabolized principally via beta-oxidation of the carboxyl side chain. The half-life of iloprost is 20 to 30 minutes. 

Fatty acid beta-oxidation Inhibition by valproate, tetracyclines, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, antianginal cationic amphiphilic drugs, female sex hormones, CoA depleters such as valproate and salicylate... 

Labbe, G. et al. (1991) Effects of various tetracycline derivatives on in vitro and in vivo beta-oxidation of fatty acids, egress of triglycerides from the liver, accumulation of hepatic triglycerides, and mortality in mice. Biochemical Pharmacology, 41 (4), 638-641. 

Interconversion between ACAC and is dependent upon the NADiNADH ratio. Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) is localised mainly in the mitochondria. During fasting, fatty acids are transported to the liver to undergo beta oxidation. 

Ensenauer R, He M, Willard JM, et al (2005) Human acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-9 plays a novel role in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. J Biol Chem 280 32309-32316... 

Nada MA, Rhead WJ, Sprecher H, Schulz H, Roe CR (1995) Evidence for intermediate channeling in mitochondrial beta-oxidation. J Biol Chem 270 530-535... 

Giak Sim K, Carpenter K, Hammond J, Christodoulou J, Wilcken (2002) Quantitative fibroblast acylcarnitine profiles in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation defects phenotype/me-tabolite correlations. Mol Genet Metab 76 327-334... 

Jakobs BS, Wanders RJ (1995) Fatty acid beta-oxidation in peroxisomes and mitochondria the first, unequivocal evidence for the involvement of carnitine in shuttling propionyl-CoA from peroxisomes to mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 213 1035-1041... 

To date there are no true inborn errors associated with essential fatty acid metabolism. However, we do know that the final step of DHA formation is the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of a homologous C24 fatty acid [7]. Consequently, patients with a generalised defect of peroxisomal function, such as Zellweger syndrome, are prone to develop deficiencies of essential fatty acids including DHA [9]. 

In order to carry out all of these different functions, peroxisomes are equipped with a unique set of enzyme proteins, catalysing the different reactions involved. In addition, the peroxisomal membrane contains specific transporters in order to take up substrates from the cytosol and release the end products of peroxisomal metabolism. Since peroxisomes lack a citric acid cycle as well as a respiratory chain, the end products of peroxisomal metabolism, such as acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA and a range of other acyl-Co A esters predominantly derived from fatty acid beta-oxidation, are exported from the peroxisomal interior and shuttled to mitochondria for full oxidation to C02 and H20. The same applies to the NADH produced during beta-oxidation, which is reoxidised via redox-shuttles so that the NADH generated in peroxisomes is ultimately reoxidised in the mitochondrial respiratory chain at the expense of molecular oxygen. 

Group 2 contains the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies [14]. This group is also subdivided in different classes, including the peroxisomal beta-oxidation deficiencies (X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy, X-ALD), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 deficiency... 

Figure 17.4 Parallel beta oxidation pathways for a xenobiotic substituted benzene, 5-phenyl pen-tanoic acid, and a naturally occurring fatty acid, stearic acid (Nelson and Cox, 2000).

Galliuni (III). Ga C is the single gallium oxide that is stable under normal conditions. Like alumina, it exists in several crystalline forms. The most stable form is the beta oxide, mp ca 1725°C, density 5.88 g/cm3. The density of (X-Ga C is 5.18 g/cm3. 

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