Design and fabrication

In order to support the design and fabrication of the prototypical flow train, extensive component testing at the 50 MW level was performed at the CDIF, in addition to testing of electrodes and sidewalls and of coal-fired channels of 20 MW si2e at Textron Defense Systems. 

Plexiglas Design and Fabrication Data, Plexiglas Cast Sheetfor Fighting PE-927a, Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

The cost of a PV device is determined by several factors. These include the kind of materials used and the amount of materials requited, choice of substrates, device design, and fabrication processes. Crystalline devices ate generally mote efficient, but thin-film devices ate anticipated to cost less in flat-plate configurations. The use of concentrated light permits retention of efficiency with simultaneous reduction in cost. 

The design and fabrication of numerous commercially available controUed-release oral dosage forms have been widely reviewed (17,24—27). 

Alloy Design and Fabrication Considerationsfor Pone lain Enameling Aluminum, Bulletin P-402(69), Porcelain Enamel Institute, Washington, D.C., 1969. 

The code assigns to the owner the respousibihty for identifying those flmd services which are in Categories D and M. The design and fabrication requirements for Class M toxic-service piping are beyond the scope of this Handbook. See ANSI B31.3—1976, chap. T11. 

American Water Works Association (AWWA) The association has many standards deahng with water handling and storage. A list of its publications is given in the AWWA Handbook (annually). AWWA DlOO, Standard for Steel Tanks—Standpipes, Reservoirs, and Elevated Tanks for Water Storage, contains rules for design and fabrication. 

UL 58 covers horizontal steel tanks up to 190 m (50,000 gal), with a maximum diameter of 3.66 m (12 ft), and a maximum length of six diameters. Thickness and a number of design and fabrication details are given. UL 142 covers horizontal steel tanks up to 190 m (50,000 ffal) (like UL 58), and vertical tanks up to 10.7-m (35-ft) height. Tmckness and other details are given. The maximum diameter for a vertical tank is not specified. 

Initial cost of a conveyor system is usually related to life ejqjectancy as well as to the flow rate chosen. There is a great temptation to overdesign, which should be resisted. The first really longdistance belt conveyor was designed and fabricated to extremely hi standards of quality. After 35 years it was still in operation with almost all its original components. Had this operation been planned for only... 

A specification should outline to the bidding vendors just what it is you want to accomplish with the equipment and how reliable it must be. Compressor reliability can be achieved if it begins prior to vendor design and fabrication. Therefore, a truly reliable piece of equipment begins in the specification. 

Reinforced plastic HCI may attack or permeate laminate temperature limited (<65.5°C) requires excellent engineering design and fabrication quality... 

Preparative chromatography involves the collection of individual solutes as they are eluted from the column for further use, but does not necessarily entail the separation of large samples. Special columns can be designed and fabricated for preparative use, but for small samples the analytical column can often be overloaded for preparative purposes. Columns can be either volume overloaded or mass overloaded. Volume overload causes the peak to broaden, but the retention time of the front of the peak... 

Labor cost in a structure is directly related to part count. If part count can be reduced, then labor costs (and inventory costs) wili decrease. Composite structures are generally composed of many fewer parts than are metal structures. Integral part design and fabrication techniques reduce fastener count and bonding operations. Thus, composite structures can have cost elements that are considerably lower than those for metal structures. 

J. M. Whitney, N. J. Pagano, and R. B. Pipes, Design and Fabrication of Tubuiar Specimens for Composite Characterization, in Composite Materials Testing and Design (Second Conference), H. T. Corten (Chairman), Anaheim, Caiifomia, 20-22 April 1971, ASTM STP 497, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1972, pp. 52-67. 

Chemical processing under "extreme conditions" of high temperatures and pressures requires more tliorough analysis and extra safeguards. As discussed in Chapter 7, e.xplosions at liigher initial temperatures and pressures are much more severe. Therefore, chemical processes under extreme conditions require specialized equipment design and fabrication. Otlier factors tlrat should be considered when evaluating a chemical process are rate and order of the reaction, stability of the reaction, and tlie healtli hazards of the raw materials used. 

The bubble cap has been studied extensively and several design recommendations have been presented over the years. The most complete and generally applicable is that of Bolles [5]. It should be stressed that proper mechanical interpretation of process requirements is essential in design for efficient and economic operation. There is not just one result, but a multiplicity of results, each unique to a particular set of conditions, and some more economical than others. Yet at the same time, many of the mechanical design and fabrication features can be identical for these various designs. 

The three classes of mechanical standards in TEMA are Classes R, C, and B representing varying degrees of mechanical details for the designated process plant applications severity. The code designations [TEMA—1988 Ed] for mechanical design and fabrication are ... 

B—Specifies design and fabrication for chemical process service. 

Figure 12-6J. Variety of standard and special valves designed and fabricated by the Hoerbiger Corporation. Many of these designs are used in compressor manufacturer s cylinder designs, and some valves have been designed by the compressor manufacturer. (Used by permission Bui. V-100A, 1993. Hoerbiger Corporation of America.)...

Experience has proven that pulsation drums/bottles/ dampeners must be designed and fabricated using exceptionally heavy construction and good welding techniques and that the addition of support gusset plates to reinforce nozzles and other attachments is essential. 

When unpleasant odors resulting from manufacturing processes or waste-disposal operations give rise to public complaints they should be identified and quantified prior to deriving methods of abatement. Such work is often innovative, requiring the design and fabrication of new equipment for the sampling and analysis of pollutants. 

While ideally structures should be designed and fabricated so that environment-sensitive cracking is avoided, in practice it is sometimes necessary to live with the problem. This implies an ability to detect and measure the size of cracks before they reach the critical size that may result in catastrophic failure. Such inspection has important implications for plant design, which should be such as to allow inspection at relevant locations. The latter are regions of high residual stress (welded, bolted or riveted joints) and regions of geometrical discontinuity (notches, crevices, etc.) where stress or environment concentration may occur. 

Accepted solutions are usually covered by specifications and codes of practice. These documents are important for three reasons they form part of the contract they define methods of design and fabrication proven by experience and they act as a means of communication between the parties involved in design, fabrication, construction and inspection. There is a strong incentive to use standard solutions as unexpected problems or misunderstandings are less likely to occur than if a novel solution is attempted such problems lead to the cost of rectification, but the delay that they cause is usually more importantConsequently project managers are often reluctant to be the first to use a novel solution. 

BS 6374 Part 5 1985 gives full details of design and fabrication requirements and it is advisable to consult this document as well as the lining contractor prior to arriving at the final design. 

Zvergin VG, Gladchenko AN, Sazonov WV (1984) In Quality and efficiency control and design and fabrication of polymer processing equipment. VNIIRTmaxsh Publication, Tambov, p 32... 

The tests are performed under carefully controlled stress (load), temperature, time, and creep (elongation) conditions. To save time, tests for different constant loads are performed simultaneously on different specimens of the same material. Creep tests may be rather extensively conducted, as for example when developing creep data prior to the design and fabrication of the first all-plastic airplane (41). The usual procedure is to plot the creep versus time curve, but other combinations are possible. 

---