Statistics safety

Injury, property damage, accident, and near-miss incident statistics Safety practitioners functions... 

This chapter gives the context of this thesis by describing the participants and interactions in road traffic and the genesis of an accident. Accident statistics, safety development process, regulations, and current technical solutions highlight the objective of this thesis. 

Browzin, B. S. Statistical safety factor concept for determining the probable maximum flood. Specialty Conference on Structural Design of Nuclear Power Plant Facilities, Chicago, IL, December 1973 Proceedings (Publ. ASCE), Vol. n, pp. 557 570. 

Safety event group is used to account for the differences among carriers. The SMS places carriers in safety event groups with similar exposure. Through the use of statistics, safety event grouping allows SMS to deal with the widely diverse motor carrier population, while ensuring that similarly situated carriers are treated with the same standards. 

The intent of this chapter is to move beyond statistical safety tools and focus on ways that the occupational safety manager can apply critical thinking skills to improve an organization s everyday performance. This chapter provides an understanding of the critical thinking process as a methodical process that the safety manager should cultivate as an interpretive lens through which to evaluate the occupational safety environment on a daily basis. 

The following discussion illustrates how ABC 129 Company—a fictitious machinery manufacturer with 200 employees—might conduct a statistical safety and health evaluation. 

Accident investigation indicates that there are often many individual causes to an accident, and that a series of incidents occur simultaneously to cause the accident. The following figure is called the safety triangle", and shows the approximate ratios of occurrence of accidents with different severities. This is based on industrial statistics. 

HETP values obtained in this way have been compared to measured values in data banks (69) and statistical analysis reveals that the agreement is better when equations 79 and 80 are used to predict and than with the other models tested. Even so, a design at 95% confidence level would require a safety factor of 1.7 to account for scatter. 

Phase III Dmg samples are made available to select clinicians for use on large numbers of patients to obtain statistically significant data for safety and efficacy. 

Labor Department Labor employment standards and statistics, OSHA, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)... 

Other offices within ODER may become involved in the review process via consults. Eor example, the Office of Epidemiology and Biostatistics analyzes statistical data, the Office of Research Resources provides bioavailabiHty reviews, and the Office of Compliance determines from the results of inspections whether the firms meet EDA s Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations. Advisory committees composed of independent experts are often asked to meet and further analyze the data. Often they also advise as to what additional data and information may be needed. After PDA s review is completed, PDA issues either a Summary Basis of Approval (SBA) for the dmg or a recommendation against approval. If approved, PDA releases the SBA and a summary of the safety and effectiveness data to the general pubHc. 

United States production and price statistics ate presented in Table 2. The demand for trichloroethylene in the United States has been shrinking sharply since 1970 because of pressures from environmental and safety legislation. Similar pressures have weakened the demand in Europe and Japan. 

Concrete nuclear reactor vessels, of the order of magnitude of 15-m (50-ft) inside diameter and length, have inner linings of steel which confine the pressure. After fabrication of the liner, the tubes for the cables or wires are put in place and the concrete is poured. High-strength reinforcing steel is used. Because there are thousands of reinforcing tendons in the concrete vessel, there is a statistical factor of safety. The failure of 1 or even 10 tendons would have little effec t on the overall structure. 

The results from the consequence analysis step are estimates of the statistically expected exposure of the target population to the hazard of interest and the safety/health effects related to that level of exposure. For example ... 

Another way of interpreting absolute risk estimates is through the use of benchmarks or goals. Consider a company that operates 50 chemical process facilities. It is determined (through other, purely qualitative means) that Plant A has exhibited acceptable safety performance over the years. A QRA is performed on Plant A, and the absolute estimates are established as calibration points, or benchmarks, for the rest of the firm s facilities. Over the years, QRAs are performed on other facilities to aid in making decisions about safety maintenance and improvement. As these studies are completed, the results are carefully scrutinized against the benchmark facility. The frequency/consequence estimates are not the only results compared—the lists of major risk contributors, the statistical risk importance of safety systems, and other types of QRA results are also compared. As more and more facility results are accumulated, resources are allocated to any plant areas that are out of line with respect to the benchmark facility. 

On April 6, 1994, OSHA published its final revisions to the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard in the Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 66. With the implementation date of July 5, 1994, the regulation, applicable to the general industry, represented major changes in the selection and use of PPE. OSHA believes that through compliance with the PPE standard, safety statistics that track worker safety will improve. These improvements will add up to 712,000 lost workdays and 95,000 recordable cases. 

The Seismic Safety Margins Research Program developed a computer code called SMACS (Seismic Methodology Analysis Chain with Statistics) for calculating the seismic responses of structures, systems, and components. This code links the seismic input as ensembles of acceleration time histories with the calculations of the soil-structure interactions, the responses of major structures, and the responses of subsystems. Since uses a multi-support approach to perform the time-history response calculations for piping subsystems, the correlations between component responses can be handled explicitly. SMACS is an example of the codes that are available for calculating seismic response for PSA purposes. 

The validity of the risk of nuclear that was estimated by the Reactor Safety Study was questioned when the TMI-2 accident occurred. This showed a misunderstanding of the probabilistic nature of risk, A single event neither proves nor disproves a statistical result it may, however, question the usefulness of risk as a safety measure. 

The successes of the traditional approach have largely been obtained in the area of occupational safety, where statistical evidence is readily available concerning the incidence of injuries to individuals in areas such as tripping and falling accidents. Such accidents are amenable to behavior modification approaches because the behaviors that give rise to the accident are under the direct control of the individual and are easily predictable. In addition, the nature of the hazard is also usually predictable and hence the behavior required to avoid accidents can be specified explicitly. For example, entry to enclosed spaces, breaking-open process lines, and lifting heavy objects are known to be potentially hazardous activities for which safe methods of work... 

Quality Management system priorities to consider are management responsibility, quality system principles, auditing, contract review, design control, corrective action, document control, quality records, training, product safety and liability, and statistical techniques, because these are critical aspects of the Quality Management system where Xmple Inc. already has some systems in place. 

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