States of charge estimation

Pang S, Farrell J, Du J, Barth M (2001) Battery state-of-charge estimation. In Proceedings of the 2001 American control conference. (Cat. No.01CH37148), pp 1644—1649. IEEE, Arlington... 

Vasebi A, Partovibakhsh M, Bathaee SMT (2007) A novel combined battery model for state-of-charge estimation in lead-acid battraies based on extended Kalman filter for hybrid electric vehicle applications. J Power Sources 174 30-40. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.011... 

Sabatier J, Aoun M, Oustaloup A et al (2006) Fractional system identification for lead acid battery state of charge estimation. Sig Process 86 2645-2657. doi 10.1016/j.sigpro.2006.02. 030... 

Lee D-T, Shiah S-J, Lee C-M, Wang Y-C (2007) State-of-charge estimation for electric scooters by using learning mechanisms. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 56 544—556. doi 10.1109/ TVT.2007.891433... 

Kim I (2008) Nonlinear state of charge estimator for hybrid electric vehicle battery. IEEE Trans Power Electron 23 2027-2034. doi 10.1109/TPEL.2008.924629... 

State of charge estimation State of health estimation... 

J. Lee, W. Choi, Novel state-of-charge estimation method for lithium polymer batteries using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, J. Power Electron 11 (2011) 237. 

S. Cho, H. Jeong, C. Han, S. Jin, J. H. Lim, J. Oh, State-of-charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries under various operating conditions using an equivalent circuit model . Computers and Chemical Engineering, 41, 1-9, 2012. 

Battery Behavioral Model for Real-Time Battery State-of-Charge Estimation... 

The RHSE has the same limitation as the rotating disk that it cannot be used to study very fast electrochemical reactions. Since the evaluation of kinetic data with a RHSE requires a potential sweep to gradually change the reaction rate from the state of charge-transfer control to the state of mass transport control, the reaction rate constant thus determined can never exceed the rate of mass transfer to the electrode surface. An upper limit can be estimated by using Eq. (44). If one uses a typical Schmidt number of Sc 1000, a diffusivity D 10 5 cm/s, a nominal hemisphere radius a 0.3 cm, and a practically achievable rotational speed of 10000 rpm (Re 104), the mass transfer coefficient in laminar flow may be estimated to be ... 

There is a growing tendency to invoke surface states to explain electron transfer at semiconductor-electrolyte interfaces. Too frequently the discussion of surface states is qualitative with no attempt to make quantitative estimates of the rate of surface state reactions or to measure any of the properties of these surface states. This article summarizes earlier work in which charge transfer at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface is analyzed as inelastic capture by surface states of charge carriers in the semiconductor bands at the surface. This approach is shown to be capable of explaining the experimental results within the context of established semiconductor behavior without tunneling or impurity conduction in the bandgap. Methods for measuring the density and cross section of surface states in different circumstances are discussed. 

Electrochemical measurements are generally designed either to analyze an interfacial mechanism by kinetic characterization and chemical identification of the reaction intermediates or to estimate a parameter characteristic of some process (i.e., corrosion rate, deposition rate, and state of charge of a battery) from the measurement of a well-defined quantity. 

The anode and cathode are both largely converted to PbS04(s) when the storage battery is fully discharged, and because sulfuric acid is a reactant, its concentration falls. Measuring the density of the electrolyte provides a quick way to estimate the state of charge of the battery. 

Monitoring systems measure and display key battery parameters. The main objective is to detect cell or battery module failures at an early stage. The replacement of a cell or module can then be accomplished with a short system downtime as and when necessary. Monitoring systems normally measure cell/module voltages, current and temperature, and estimate cell/module state-of-charge (SoQ and/or state-of-health (SoH). Such systems have been used in UPS applieations for many years. 

The cell potential is about 2 V. A car battery consists of (usually) six cells in series (a battery of cells), to give 12 V. Sulphuric acid is used up during operation, so the state of charge of the battery can be estimated by measuring the concentration of the acid, usually via density. 

Ng KS, Moo C-S, Chen Y-P, Hsieh Y-C (2009) Enhanced coulomb counting method for estimating state-of-charge and state-of-health of lithium-ion batteries. Appl Energy 86 1506-1511. doi 10.1016/j. apenergy.2008.11.021... 

Lee S, Kim J, Lee J, Cho BH (2008) State-of-charge and capacity estimation of lithium-ion battery using a new open-circuit voltage versus state-of-charge. J Power Sources 185 1367-1373. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.103... 

Cai CH, Ehi D, Liu ZY (2003) Battery state-of-charge (SOC) estimation using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE international conference on fuzzy systems, FUZZ 03, pp 1068-1073. IEEE... 

Lee Y, Wang W, Kuo T (2008) Soft Computing for Battery State-of-Charge (BSOC) Estimation in Battery String Systems. IEEE Trans Industr Election 55 229-239. doi 10.1109/ TIE.2007.896496... 

With this background, we can estimate and design the battery performance in terms of the power and the actual capacity. To understand the power performance, we illustrate how to calculate the maximum power in Figure 5.6. If we can know the battery s internal resistance and assume that it is a certain constant value, the power characteristics can be estimated and is related to the state of charge, an upper current limit, and a lower voltage limit. 

In order to have a more accurate prediction of the thermal behavior of the battery cell in any environmental condition, the proposed thermal model should be extended to become an electrothermal model. This approach is needed for an accurate determination of the internal resistance and for the estimation of the state of charge (see Figure 11.13). Based on this approach, there will continuously be an interaction between the electrical and the thermal models. 

Table 9.24. Energy difference (eV) between the AF and the FM states of ScMnOs, estimated magnetic coupling constant (meV), Mulliken charges q (a.u.), magnetic moment of Mn ions /jIb) obtained with three different Hamiltonians [653]...

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