Module failure

Monitoring systems measure and display key battery parameters. The main objective is to detect cell or battery module failures at an early stage. The replacement of a cell or module can then be accomplished with a short system downtime as and when necessary. Monitoring systems normally measure cell/module voltages, current and temperature, and estimate cell/module state-of-charge (SoQ and/or state-of-health (SoH). Such systems have been used in UPS applieations for many years. 

The purpose of single-cell or single-module voltage measurements is a cell/ module-based electrical management scheme (see Section 8.6) to avoid single-cell/ module failure. The measurements can also be used to detect, or better to predict, cell/module failures (see Section 8.5). 

Driver s side safety airbag module failure Clock spring internal failure... 

Hereby, (1) corresponds to line 26 in Listing 2 and defines a system failure. (2) corresponds to line 45 and defines the failure of a computing module. Finally, (3) corresponds to line 88 and defines a memory module failure. 

The 162-modular system can tolerate — -1 = 80 module failures without a system failure. 

The basic functional block definition is taken as the module (i.e. card) but is extended to encompass serial lines, output relays, power supply units, etc, as individual blocks. A module is said to have failed when one or more of the components, tracks, soldered joints or connections on that module have failed. Hence a module failure rate is calculated as the sum of the random failure rates of all its constituent parts. As a general rule it is assumed that failures which affect sequencer outputs are equally likely to result in spuriously closed or spuriously open outputs. The possible failure modes of the system are refined further by assessing, on a module by module basis, the maximum number of outputs that could be spuriously closed by any fault. When deriving the overall rate of faults affecting a particular output, faults which could lead to the simultaneous closure of a number of outputs are potentially more likely to affect the output under consideration and these factors must be included in the reliability analysis. 

A distributed control system (DCS) normally uses input and output modules which contain eight, sixteen, or more inputs or outputs. Failure of the module will simultaneously disable a large number of control loops. Attention to the assignment of input/output points to the modules makes the plant more tolerant of a failure of an input or output module (CCPS, 1993a). For a more detailed discussion of process control systems, see the process control part of Section 4.4, and Sections 6.4 and 6.5. 

Immediately after this blast, a fire originated at the west end of B Module and erupted into a fireball along the west face. The fire spread quickly to neighboring portions of the platform. Approximately 20 minutes later, a major explosion happened due to the rupture of the Tartan gas riser. This occurrence caused a massive and prolonged high pressure jet of flames that generated intense heat. At about 10 50 PM, another immense blast occurred that was believed to be a result of the rupture of the MCP-01 gas riser. Debris from this explosion was projected up to 800 m. away from the platform. Structural deterioration at the level below Module B had begun. This failure was accelerated by a series of additional explosions. One of these eruptions was caused by the fracture of the Claymore gas riser. Eventually, the vast majority of the platform collapsed. 

Bnich-kupfer, n. scrap copper, -last, /. breaking load, -metall, n. broken metal, scrap metal, -modul, m. modulus of rupture, -probe, /. breaking test, breakdown test, -punkt, m. breaking point, -riss, m. (Meial.) failure crack, -silber, n. broken silver, scrap silver, -spaonung,/. breaking stress tensile strength, -stein, m. quarry stone broken stone, -stelle,/. broken place, place of fracture. -strich, m. (Math.) fraction stroke (between numerator and denominator), -stiick, n. fragment shred, -stiicke, pi. debris scrap, -teil, m. fraction, -zahl, /. fractional number. 

The second method uses the slip frequency to monitor for loose rotor bars. The passing frequency created by this failure mode energizes modulations associated with slip. This method is preferred since these frequency components are within the normal bandwidth used for vibration analysis. 

The sections to follow describe the most common machine-train failure modes critical speeds, imbalance, mechanical looseness, misalignment, modulations, process instability, and resonance. 

The Jamieson paper reports the results of a number of studies, some successful, others not. Failures can be ascribed to the difficulties encountered in log P control. The first evident trouble concerns the choice of the lipophilicity descriptor many prefer log P, but this choice is questionable as has been outlined by Lombardo (see Chapter 16). Secondly, variations in lipophilicity profile influence not only hERG activity, but also target selectivity and also ADMET properties. Lipophilicity is a bulk property and its modification can involve different moieties of the molecules. Once the chemical modulation has been designed, but before moving to the bench, the research group should predict the consequences of this change on each step of the drug s action, but unfortunately this is not always done. 

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