State resistance

The equilibrium population is said to have a structure when a substantial fraction of the molecules adopts similar conformations. But the phrase lacking structure does not imply that individual molecules comprising the ensemble lack a conformation rather, the population is too heterogeneous to be readily characterized using a coherent, structure-based descriptor. The unfolded state resists ready characterization because it is so diverse. Typical biophysical methods report ensemble-... 

Currently there are few insecticides registered as surface treatments to control stored-product insects. For years the organophosphate insecticide malathion was used as a surface treatment for structural facilities, but stored-product insects throughout the world have developed extensive resistance to malathion (Subramanyam and Hagstrum, 1996). Most of the resistance reports were generated from studies with bulk grains, but in the United States, resistance has been documented for field populations of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, T. confusum (DuVal), collected from flour mills (Arthur and Zettler, 1991, 1992 Zettler, 1991). Populations of the Indianmeal moth, the almond moth, and the red flour beetle collected from bulk peanuts and empty warehouses were also highly resistant to malathion (Arthur et al., 1988 Halliday et al., 1988). 

Use of International System Units. Although the international system of laboratory analyte units is almost universally agreed upon, many people in the United States resist using it. Typically, these are physicians (and others) who desire to retain the system with which they were trained, which makes mores sense to them. 

In addition to their water solubility, PVALs are appreciated for their good mechanical properties in the dry state, resistance to common solvents, barrier effect in dry atmospheres, possibility of food contact for suitable grades, biodegradability. 

The treatment of HP has become increasingly difficult due to the frequency of antibiotic resistance and recurrence after successful treatment. In Peru, the recurrence rate of the infection is as high as 73% even after successful eradication. In this instance, recurrence is not attributed to antibiotic resistance but to re-infection of patients. In the United States, resistant HP is also of concern. The Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Program (HARP) is a multicenter US network that tracks HP patterns of resistance. In 2004, HARP reported that 34% of 347 HP isolates tested were resistant to one or more antibiotics commonly used to treat HP infections.In the US, most antibiotic resistance is associated with metronidazole and clarithromycin, both standard treatment options for HP. Thus, antibiotic resistance and high re-infection rates strongly argue for the development of new therapeutic modalities to prevent and treat HP infections worldwide. 

Aceh follows as the ethnie nationalism most threatening to the Indonesian state. Chapter 5 demonstrates that the strength of this ethnie nationalism, by contrast with the stateless examples that follow, is precisely its memory of state. Acehnese may be less distinctive as a minority than Indonesia s Bataks or Malaysia s Kadazan, but they inherit an unusually strong sense of state resistance to outside control. The Batak and Kadazan cases, in chapters 6 and 7, reveal the different paths of political identity formation and assertion of previously stateless peoples that were possible in Indonesia and Malaysia respectively. The different outcomes are largely set by the gulf between the two state nationalisms with which they contended post-revolutionary, centralising civic nationalism in Indonesia evolutionary, federal and ethno-nationalist Malaysia. 

A substance which in the free state resists as effectively as does bromine all attempts to decompose it, which is expelled by chlorine from all its compounds possessed of exactly its original properties, which when allowed to act on compounds containing iodine substitutes itself in every ease for the latter element to play a similar part in the new products, and which, in spite of some differences of action, is connected with both chlorine and iodine... 

Here we will summarize, from the previous subsections as well as from literature, some typical properties and representative parameters (see table 6) of the superconducting state of YNi2B2C and LuNi2B2C where completeness is not attempted. These materials are usually clean-limit type II superconductors. However by substitutional disorder on the rare earth site in (Y,Lu)Ni2B2C or on the transition-metal site in Lu(Ni,Co)2B2C the residual resistance ratio RRR = p(300 K)/p(Tc), where p(T) is the normal state resistivity, and the mean free path / of the electrons in the normal state can be considerably reduced... 

Figure 3(a) shows the results of our calculations of the normalized differential resistance using Eqn.(3) with H = 0, for a number of different combinations of Z and P. For Z 0 and P = 0, we recover the usual BTK result, in that the resistance at zero bias drops to half the normal state value. For Z = 0 and P = 0.5, the resistance at zero bias is exactly the same as the normal state resistance, while for Z = 0.5 and P = 0, it is slightly larger. As both Z and P are increased, the resistance of the sample rises above the normal state resistance RN, but Z and P affect the differential resistance in different ways... 

The need for new fungicides for stone fruits has increased because of the development of benzimidazole-resistant Monilinla fructicola (8,9,30) and Coccomyces hiemalls (10) in important stone fruit production areas of the eastern United States. Resistance has been a major problem for stone fruit growers because alternative fungicides are less effective, more costly or require more frequent applications than benzimidazole fungicides. The recent registrations of iprodione and triforine for control of stone fruit diseases have helped to alleviate problems caused by benzimidazole resistance. 

In the fictive gray system the value of Tc would be on the upper curve in Figure 6 with a value between the values of both parent compounds. However, in the real pseudoquaternary system YxLui xNi2B2C, Tc has a considerably lower value than expected from a linear interpolation, i.e. the gray system. As shown in Figure 60 the concentration dependence of Tc is non-monotonic with a minimum near x = 0.5. A similar behavior was found also for other quantities characterizing the electronic state of the system as the upper critical field H 2 and the parameter a [from Hc2(T) = H 2( 1 - T/Tc)1+ ] which is a measure for the positive curvature of Hc2(T), the residual resistance ratio RRR = pn(300 K)/pn(Tc), where pn(T) is the normal-state resistivity, and the two parameters kn and describing the field... 

Accurate predictions of the effect of AVt on TFT-based circuit operation can only be made by computer simulation. In general, a AVt in the gate-on direction leads to an increase of the on-state resistance of the transistor. For example, if the TFT is a switch in a display backplane, the increased resistance determines an increase in pixel charging time. In a diode-connected inverter, a negative AVt of the load transistor with respect to the Vr of the drive reduces the output swing of the inverter. On the other hand, a negative AVt of the drive transistor relative to the load shifts the trip voltage of the inverter. 

Hamel, B. B. Zimmerman, I. A dipole model for negative steady-state resistance in excitable membranes. Biophys. J., 1970, 10, 1029-1056. 

It should be noted that both Feldman et al. and Dey and Fong used a-Si films deposited by vacuum evaporation. This probably accounts for the relatively low OFF-state resistances which they both found (100-100 k 2). It is now well established that vacuum-evaporated a-Si is a very different material from the hydrogenated form of a-Si obtained, for example, by the carefully controlled glow-discharge decomposition of silane (e.g., Spear, 1977). 

Very recently, Latyshev et al. annealed naturally-occurring cross whiskers, forming natural cross-whisker junctions (NCWJ s), and studied their properties. [13] The normal state resistance per square across the NCWJ was independent of 0, and roughly a factor 60 higher than... 

Figure 3. Comparison of experimental (upper panel) and calculated (lower panel) phonon structures in point-contact spectra of MgB2. The contact axis is oriented along the c-axis. The normal state resistances are given for each curve. In the experimental panel the upper curve corresponds to the ordinate scale, and the other two are shifted down for clarity. T = 4.2 K. In the theoretical (lower) panel three transport regimes are illustrated on the same scale as in the experimental graph. Here, the lower curve corresponds to the ordinate scale, the other two are shifted up for clarity. The 7r-band EPI function (dashed curve) [15] is shifted to higher voltages by A,r = 2.4 meV. The modulation voltage is taken equal to 3 mV.

---