Starch modified, products from

Surimi is fish paste from deboned fish used to make simulated crab legs and other seafood. For preservation the paste is blended with cryoprotectants, such as sucrose, sorbitol and phosphates, and frozen. To make the final product, the frozen paste is thawed, blended with starch and extruded as a film onto a belt. The belt takes the film into an oven that heat-denatures the fish protein and cooks the starch. The film is then rolled to form striations, shaped, colored and cut. Depending on the required distribution, the product is frozen or refrigerated. Potato and tapioca starch were used in surimi products 400 years ago, since they provided a cohesive, elastic matrix consistent with seafood. Frozen distribution has made the use of highly-stabilized, moderately crosslinked tapioca starch popular, alone or with native tapioca starch. Modified waxy maize products are used, as is unmodified com starch, for increased cuttability. Kim188 reported that the gel strengthening ability of starch correlates with starch paste viscosity. 

The method of preparation was modified somewhat by Alexander, Dimler and Mehltretter, a product of higher purity thereby being obtained. For the pyrolytic vacuum distillation, the same apparatus was employed as for the preparation of levoglucosan and l,6-anhydro- 8-D-glucofuranose from starch. The use of an electrically heated jacket instead of a burner for heating the flask resulted in better control of the reaction. In addition, the dextrorotation of a solution of the sirupy distillate was about twice that reported by Hann and Hudson for their product from the same weight of galactose. 

Renewable raw materials can contribute to the sustainability of chemical products in two ways (i) by developing greener, biomass-derived products which replace existing oil-based products, e.g. a biodegradable plastic, and (ii) greener processes for the manufacture of existing chemicals from biomass instead of from fossil feedstocks. These conversion processes should, of course, be catalytic in order to maximize atom efficiencies and minimize waste (E factors) but they could be chemo- or biocatalytic, e.g. fermentation [3-5]. Even the chemocatalysts themselves can be derived from biomass, e.g. expanded com starches modified with surface S03H or amine moieties can be used as recyclable solid acid or base catalysts, respectively [6]. 

Starch-modifying Lb. amylophilus. Lactic acid production from starchy [69-72]... 

Starch and its derivatives can be produced from several raw materials including corn, wheat, pea, potato, and tapioca and, in general, its production follows local raw material availability. In 2006 European (EU-25) production of starches, modified starches and refinery products was approximately 8.6 Mio tons. The main consumer, accounting for 4.5 Mio tons, was the food industry, followed by the paper and board sector with 2.4 Mio tons, the pharmaceutical and chemical sector with 1.2 Mio tons and the industrial binders sector with 0.6 Mio tons (Figure 9.2.1). 

Constit. of corn syrup. Product of action of a-amylase on starch. Also isol. from Streptomyces sp. Maltooligosaccharide mixtures are important food additives (sweeteners, gelling agents and viscosity modifiers). Exhibits antimicrobial activity against Erwinia carotovora. Amorph. Sol. H2O, MeOH fairly sol. EtOH, 2-propa-nol, butanol poorly sol. Mc2CO, hexane. Mp 169.5-173° dec. [a]o +165.5 (c, 5.0 in H2O). Md +177 (H2O). 

The biodegradable materials obtainable from starch modified with aliphatic or aliphatic/aromatic polyesters, discussed in Section 6.1.6, proved to be particularly suitable for the production of shopping bags and are today leading this sector. 

Polymers from nature may be used as isolated or modified. Modification was generally used in the past and continues to produce protein, starch and cellulose derivatives for many applications. New opportunities are becoming apparent for surplus by-products from the food industry such as the proteins from wheat, com, soy and milk. Lignin continues to be a cheap resource from the paper industry. All of these polymers may be chemically modified or blended with plastics from fossil or renewable origin to produce promising new materials. 

Some commercial thermoplastic starch polymer based products were highlighted in Table 6.1, and some of them can be examined in more detail in this section. Probably one of the first starch based products developed was the National Starch expanded starch foam packaging material ECO-FOAM . ECO-FOAM materials are derived from maize or tapioca starch and include modified starches. This relatively short-term, protected-environment packaging use is ideal for thermoplastic starch polymers. National starch now has additional thermoplastic starch materials, blends and speciality hydrophobic thermoplastic starches for a range of apphcations including injection moulded toys, extruded sheet and blown film apphcations. [http //www.eco-foam.com/ loosefill.asp]. 

Starch Is modified with formaldehA de to give pastes or pow ders w hich can be. solidified to produce water-resistant products. Such materials may be employed as siang agents, coating compounds, and adhesives. Procedures inroh-e heating with formaldehyde under various conditions alone and in the presence of acid catalysts -. Production of a mbber-like product from stai ch is also claimed by one investigator (page 143). 

Starch is a polysaccharide found in many plant species. Com and potatoes are two common sources of industrial starch. The composition of starch varies somewhat in terms of the amount of branching of the polymer chains (11). Its principal use as a flocculant is in the Bayer process for extracting aluminum from bauxite ore. The digestion of bauxite in sodium hydroxide solution produces a suspension of finely divided iron minerals and siUcates, called red mud, in a highly alkaline Hquor. Starch is used to settle the red mud so that relatively pure alumina can be produced from the clarified Hquor. It has been largely replaced by acryHc acid and acrylamide-based (11,12) polymers, although a number of plants stiH add some starch in addition to synthetic polymers to reduce the level of residual suspended soHds in the Hquor. Starch [9005-25-8] can be modified with various reagents to produce semisynthetic polymers. The principal one of these is cationic starch, which is used as a retention aid in paper production as a component of a dual system (13,14) or a microparticle system (15). 

---