Starch Application

Rice starch applications are normally discussed in terms of common and waxy types and are specified that way in Table 13.4. A 10% solution of a common rice starch, when sheered and gelatinized simultaneously, produces a product that resembles a solid shortening in texture. The waxy rice starches do not produce this same texture however, they too have been used very effectively for fat replacement due to a fat-like mouthfeel when blended with other food products. Waxy rice starches also tend to resist oil uptake when used in batters for fried foods. Most applications of rice starch may be attributed to one or more of the characteristics already discussed that are unique to rice starch. 

The food industry has shown an ever-increasing interest in starch as an essential component of processed foods. This widening horizon is evident from the scores of patents covering many phases of starch applications, of which a number of typical examples are listed below. 

Starch has been extensively used for several non-food applications, in native state or modified by physical and/or chemical processes. The main areas for starch applications are in adhesives [2], paper [2, 3], drilling fluids for petroleum extraction [30], textile sizing [3], binder in medicines, and hot melt adhesive compositions [31-33]. 

Acknowledgements Particular reference is made to the following authors J.J.W. Swinkels for information on native starches and fundamental structure and chemistry, H.G.M. van de Steeg for her dissertation on starch adsorption, P.H. Brower for the development of starch application in the wet-end. Professor T. Lindstorm for fundamental wet-end chemistry. 

As shown in Table 1, many investigators use SEC to study the structure of native or modified starches. In industry, most starch products have been treated with acids, enzymes, chemicals, or physical means to obtain the desired properties. It is important to know the molecular structure, the molecular weights, and the molecular weight distribution of the samples after treatment. Viscosity, gel formation, and film formation are some of important factors for starch applications. With modem SEC instmments, we may be able to find how these factors are affected by the molecular stmcture, the molecular weight, and the molecular weight distribution of samples. 

Multilayer coextrusion has been widely used, studied and understood in the domain of synthetic polymers for its effect on the viscosity of polymers, die geometry, layer distribution, encapsulation, and interfacial instabilities, influencing the quality and functionality of the multilayer products. Despite the number and diversity of studies on multilayer flow and stability, only some articles report the use of biopolyester in coextrusion processes. Different stratified structures were processed by coextrusion and studied. But very few studies have been carried out with PHA. Most of these are based on the association between PHA e.g. PHBV, and plasticized starch. Applications of such PHA-based multilayers as commodities are primarily limited by PHA cost and have been until now by PHA availability, and thus attention is being focused on products with plastics constituting only a minor part, such as paper coatings like the plastic film moisture barrier in food and drink cartons and in sanitary napkins. 

Leszczydski W. Directions of potato starch applications. Ziemniak Polski 2005 3 31-38. (in polish). 

To improve productivity and reduce production costs, effective and well controlled starch application at the wet end is required (see Fig. 3.6). New practical experience shows that a starch-polyvinylamine complex can be an alternative to a surface treatment by size-press for strength improvement. A hoHstic picture of the application of starch based on analytical investigations (in produced paper, exhaust air, clarified waste water and soil) shows that starch is an extraordinary, environmentally friendly additive with a diversified functionality. 

A. behaves like starch or amylose in reactions such as ->hydrolysis, derivatization or physical treatment (modified starches). Application of debranching - enzymes (pullulanase and iso-amylase) opens the possibility of total splitting of the a-1,6-linkages, thus enhancing hydrolysis as well as producing short-chain amyloses fit>m a. on a commercial scale. 

Nonfood hydroxyethyl starch applications are in the paper industry for surface sizing and coating, as quality enhancer for pigmented papers, as wet-end additives in textiles for warp sizing as an adhesive component for bag pastes, case sealing and enveloping materials. Hydroxypropyl starches with higher DS are used routinely in pharmacy as a blood plasma extender. 

Waxy wheat, a new breed of wheat varieties, is about to realize commercial cultivation. Its starch can be applied to industrial production, and industrial application must understand the physical properties. Compared with traditional wheat, the research on waxy wheat is just in the initial stage. We only study part of the nature of waxy wheat starch, but do not do further research on the structure and application of starch. The study, though system and in-depth researching on a variety of physical and chemical properties and nano structure units, comparing the similarities and differences with common wheat starch, waxy com starch and other commonly used industrial starch, provides a theoretical foundation for waxy wheat starch applications in industry. 

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