Environmentally friendly additive

Theoretically, a large number of materials may be applied as corrosion inhibitors for copper, but only a few of these have been thoroughly investigated. Azoles, especially triazoles, were studied as effective copper corrosion inhibitors (Lee and Nobe, 1986 Crundwell, 1992 Fiaud, 1995). Copper corrosion is reduced by mercaptobenzo-thia-zole (Weisstuch et al., 1971) through chemisorption, and by mercapto-thiadiazole through physical sorption (Chaudhary, 1997). Stricter environmental restrictions forced researchers to develop more environmentally friendly additives. 

To improve productivity and reduce production costs, effective and well controlled starch application at the wet end is required (see Fig. 3.6). New practical experience shows that a starch-polyvinylamine complex can be an alternative to a surface treatment by size-press for strength improvement. A hoHstic picture of the application of starch based on analytical investigations (in produced paper, exhaust air, clarified waste water and soil) shows that starch is an extraordinary, environmentally friendly additive with a diversified functionality. 

If the vitamin E movement in UHMWPE biomaterials was bom in Torino in 2003, then its conception occurred in Japan by Professor Naohide Tomita from the University of Kyoto. Japan has a history of early adoption of vitamin E both in packaging as well as in orthopedic implants. Vitamin E has been used in Japan as an environmentally friendly additive for polyolefins since the late 1980s [11]. In light of its acceptance as an effective antioxidant, a manufacturer from Japan (Nakashima Medical Co., Ltd., http //www.medical.nakashima.co.jp) was also the first supplier to produce UHMWPE blended with vitamin E for total knee replacements, and these implants have been in clinical use in Japan since 2006 [18] (Figure 16.4). The commercialization of vitamin-E-blended UHMWPE in Japan is largely based on the research efforts of Professor Tomita and Nobuyuki Shibata, who was a doctoral student at the time [1,19-21]. These studies have been recently summarized [18] consequently the contributions of the Kyoto research group are only briefly reviewed herein. 

Because sulfur suppHes, either as elemental sulfur or by-product sulfuric acid, have grown owiag to iacreased environmental awareness, demand for sulfur has decreased ia some consuming iadustries for the same reason. Industries such as titanium dioxide productions, which traditionally utilized sulfuric acid, have concerted to more environmentally friendly processes. In addition, many consumers who contiaue to use sulfuric acid are puttiag an emphasis on regenerating or recycling spent acid. 

The two fluids most often studied in supercritical fluid technology, carbon dioxide and water, are the two least expensive of all solvents. Carbon dioxide is nontoxic, nonflammable, and has a near-ambient critical temperature of 31.1°C. CO9 is an environmentally friendly substitute for organic solvents including chlorocarbons and chloroflu-orocarbons. Supercritical water (T = 374°C) is of interest as a substitute for organic solvents to minimize waste in extraction and reaction processes. Additionally, it is used for hydrothermal oxidation of hazardous organic wastes (also called supercritical water oxidation) and hydrothermal synthesis. 

Addition of rubber particles of 30% to 100% by weight to cement with a grain size of approximately 40 to 60 mesh (0.4 to 0.25 mm) will produce a lightweight cement. The addition of rubber particles also creates a low permeability. The compositions are advantageous for cementing zones subjected to extreme dynamic stresses such as perforation zones and the junctions of branches in a multi-sidetrack well. Recycled, expanded polystyrene lowers the density of a hydraulic cement formulation and is an environmentally friendly solution for downcycling waste materials. 

Additional costs because retail packs of organic meat would be produced away from the supermarket, using environmentally friendly packaging. 

Intermaterial competition affects the additive business. For example, if metallocene polyolefins displace PVC markets, then the demand for heat stabilisers and plasticisers might decrease, while the need for products such as fluoropolymer processing aids, antiblocks and slip additives might increase. At present, PVC as the main user of additives is under threat as never before. However, green PVC, containing more environmentally friendly FRs and plasticisers as well as non-heavy-metal stabilisers, is now environmentally acceptable. 

In Japan, the standard Eco Mark Product Category No. 102 Printing Ink Version 2.6 [26] sets on a voluntary basis standards for an environmentally friendly composition of printing inks. Since introduction of this standard in 1997, more than 90% of all offset inks in Japan were reformulated to inks free from aromatic compounds ( white oil ). To fulfil the above-mentioned standard, the inks should be based on vegetable oils. They should not contain more than 1 vol.% of aromatic hydrocarbons ( white oils ). Additionally, sheet-fed offset inks should not contain more than 30% of crude oil-based solvents and not more than 3% VOC. Web offset inks should contain no more than 45% crude oil solvents (which seems not really to be a progress in comparison to typical standard inks). By the way, it is expected from vegetable oil-based inks that the print products are as deinkable as conventional mineral oil-based offset inks. 

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