Starch derivatives, applications

Commercially available cationic starches for wet end application are quaternary and tertiary products. These products have been available since about the mid 1950 s and no new basic chemistry has been developed since that time. The development in the late 1940 s and early 1950 s of starch ethers and esters made in the original granule form led to a torrent of starch derivatives for industrial use. Very few of these became commercial. This is possibly because the functions that were required by the industrial and food markets were far... 

Polyols are unique among simple carbohydrates in their low ability to be fermented. This characteristic enables them to impart sweetness to foods while exhibiting lower caloric values than other carbohydrates and reducing the formation of dental caries. Polyols are used in a variety of applications in foods, confections, pharmaceuticals and industrial uses. Rising demand for low- and reduced-calorie foods and confections that contribute to a reduction in dental caries has contributed to the growth of these starch-derived products. 

Physical properties of a syrup depend heavily on its carbohydrate profile. The carbohydrate profile, in turn, is determined by the type of conversion and the nature of the enzyme treatment (previously discussed). Table 21.2 gives typical DE and carbohydrate profiles of syrups in common production today. Because enzyme treatments can provide sweeteners with different carbohydrate profiles but the same DE value, it is usual to refer to a product using more than one descriptor, e.g. a 43 DE, high-maltose syrup. This issue becomes particularly important when addressing functional differences and applications of starch-derived sweeteners. 

Starch-derived sweeteners provide a highly fermentable substrate for many industrial applications. The ability of yeast to ferment starch-derived syrups is directly... 

There are several practical applications involving interactions between starch and saccharides. For example, starch-derived sugars are used as plasticizers for starch.956 Thus, the addition of potato starch to sugar syrup increases the solution viscosity to a level where it retains gas bubbles and is suitable for producing froths.957 Agaran, starch, and swollen Sephadex G-200 form a mixed support for zone electrophoresis.958 A plywood of improved strength resulted from the blending of an aqueous solution of... 

Starches and starch derivatives are important in the formulation of pharmaceutical drug substances. Various starch sources, starch modifications, and starch derivatives provide a wide range of solids, which can be used in pharmaceutical applications. The various properties exhibited by the materials can be exploited for specific uses during the formulation process. 

Such applications have been commonly related to the analysis of certain gases such as CO2, CO, CH4, NH3, etc, where the MS analysis is less successful. Py-GC/FTIR has been applied In several studies of plant materials [92] and in analysis of peat [93]. Py-GC/FTIR was utilized, for example, for the analysis of humic substances and their metal derivatives [94], starch derivatives [94a], and for synthetic polymer analyses [38aj. 

Because CDs are nontoxic, biodegradable, and bioabsorbable, they may be used in medical applications, as well as providing for the fabrication of more environmentally responsible polymer materials. In this report we have summarized almost exclusively our own recent studies employing the cyclic starch derivatives called cyclodextrins to both nanostructure and functionalize polymer materials. Lest the reader gets the erroneous impression that our studies have been carried out in isolation, we refer to a recent review [120], and a summary [121], describing related... 

The main drawback to the widespread use of polymer-polymer aqueous two-phase extraction has been the high cost of fractionated dextran. Crude dextran has been used with some success for the purification of enzymes but is much too viscous for many applications. Conversely, polymer-salt systems have relatively low viscosities, separate rapidly, and are inexpensive. Unfortunately, they lack selectivity and cannot be used for affinity partitioning in most cases since the high salt concentrations interfere with the protein-ligand interaction. The starch derivatives are reasonable alternatives for bottom phase polymers but have been hampered by low solubilities and the tendency for gel formation. Tjemeld has reported that chemically modified starches i.e. hydroxypropyl starch... 

A reason why the PEG/salt systems have not been used more extensively is that the high ionic strength severely influences the affinity interactions when affinity partitioning is to be exploited. However, in applications where spontaneous partitioning is sufficient, these systems are often used. Recently, the use of starch derivatives named as Reppal PES has been reported (32) that are useful in forming aqueous two-phase systems. The properties of these new polymers resemble those of dextran. 

Koketa/. have reported on the separation and quantification ofamylose and amylopectin by CE, making use on die different iodine-binding behavior of these two components. It is to be expected that tiiis procedure might also be applicable to starch derivatives. " ... 

The majority of starch-derived adhesives are used in the paper and textile industries as binders and sizing materials. However, the discussion in this chapter is limited to glues and pastes, since paper and textile uses have been covered thoroughly elsewhere [12]. This section provides an overview of several gluing applications, with special attention to the properties required of the glue in each case. 

Rodrigues, A. Emeje, M. Recent applications of starch derivatives in nanodrug delivery. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012, 87 (2), 987-994. 

The market for starch-derived products in the food industry is generally segmented into the following application areas confectioneries, processed food, beverages, dairy products and baked foods (see Figure 9.2.6). 

The presence of numerous hydroxyl groups able to react with formaldehyde makes starch-derived products suitable chemicals for formaldehyde-based resins. Research on this subject started many years ago and showed that in a number of applications it is possible to partially replace or extend urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resins without significantly affecting the finished product s performance. In many applications, adhesive systems based on formaldehyde resins incorporate a polysaccharide component. More than 4.5 Mio mto of formaldehyde-based resins have been produced in Western Europe alone. The use of carbohydrates allows lower consumption of oil-based resins and, consequently, reduced release of formaldehyde in the environment. 

Starch (qv) and starch derivatives have a number of applications in the food industry as viscosifiers, gelatinizers, fillers, and paste formers in the textile and paper industries for coatings, sizing agents, rheology modifiers, and pigment binders and in the medical area as surgical powders, absorbents, adhesives, and in pharmaceuticals. 

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