Starch industrial applications

M. are preferentially used in nonfood applications (- starch industrial applications). Their use in food and pharmaceutical production is strictly limited by governmental and international regulations with respect to kind and amount of substituents as well as reagent residues. In the EU (1998) the shipment of m. exceeded 16% of the entire production (7.5 X 10 mt) of starch and starch products. 

For practical uses see - anionic starches, car-boxymethyl starch, - cationic starches, - cross-linked starches, - hydrophobic starches, - oxidized starches, - starch industrial applications. 

T. Sanner, A. P. Kightlinger, and J. R. Davis. Borate-starch compositions for use in oil field and other industrial applications. Patent US 5559082, 1996. 

Alpha amylases cause a rapid fragmentation of starch with an accompanying marked decrease in viscosity of the starch solutions. Therefore, viscosity determinations may be used to follow the early stages in the hydrolysis of starch by these amylases. Afthough this type of measurement is of considerable importance for certain industrial applications, it has not been used to any great extent in investigations with pancreatic amylase. 

Starch occurs as highly organized structures, known as starch granules. Starch has unique thermal properties and functionality that have permitted its wide use in food products and industrial applications. When heated in water, starch undergoes a transition process, during which the granules break down into a mixture of... 

Starch is obtained from a variety of plant sources. Corn, cassava, sweet potato, wheat, and potato are the major sources of food starch while sorghum, barley, rice, sago, arrowroot, etc. serve as minor sources of starch in different localized regions of the world (Gaillard, 1987 Ratnayake and Jackson, 2003). Raw starch granules do not disperse in cold water. This limits the use of raw native starches for food as well as industrial applications, and therefore starch is often cooked during product-manufacturing... 

A recently developed class of compounds called Super Slurpers based on starch- polyacrylonitrile copolymers are able to absorb as much as 500 to 1000 times their weight of water, depending on the purity of the water (19, 20, 21). The formation of these copolymers is catalyzed by Ce ion. These polymers were developed by the U.S, Department of Agriculture and have potential agricultural uses as water storage additives as well as obvious consumer and industrial applications. 

The bulk of potato tubers is made up of parenchyma cells that have thin, non-lignified, primary cell walls (Reeve et al., 1971 Bush et al, 1999, 2001 Parker et al., 2001). Unless stated to the contrary, potato cell walls refers to parenchyma cell walls. These walls and their component polysaccharides are important for a number of reasons they form part of the total intake of dietary fiber, influence the texture of cooked potato tubers and form much of the waste pulp that is produced in large amounts by the potato starch industry when starch is isolated. The pulp is usually used as cattle feed, but potentially could be processed in a variety of ways to increase its value (Mayer, 1998). For example, the whole cell-wall residues could be used as afood ingredient to alter food texture and to increase its dietary-fiber content, or cell-wall polysaccharides could be extracted and used in a similar way or for various industrial applications (Turquois et al., 1999 Dufresne et al, 2000 Harris and Smith, 2006 Kaack et al., 2006). 

Physically modified potato starch is preferred in processed foods because of its improved functional properties over those of its native counterpart. Moreover, this modified strach can be safely used in different food products and other industrial applications. Different physical... 

In countries where a strong environmental regulation for industrial wastewater exists, purification of waste streams from potato factories regarding both the fruit water and the pulp is required. Several attempts have been made to dehydrate the by-products and to utilize them for different purposes. Its high moisture content (80%) requires an expensive drying due to the problem of spoilage, if left untreated. The starch industry tries to sell as much pulp as possible as wet or partially dried cattle feed. However, the need for potato pulp by farmers is limited. Potato pulp is being used as cattle feed as well as a solid-state fermentation media for the production of different biomolecules. Conventional applications of potato pulp are listed in Table 16.2. 

W. II. Pitcher Design and Operation of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors. - S. A Barker Biotechnology of Immobilized Multienzyme Systems. - R. A Messing Carriers for Immobilized Biologically Active Systems. -P. Brodelius Industrial Applications of Immobilized Biocatalysts. - B. Solomon Starch Hydrolysis by Immobilized Enzymers. 

The ability of ethylemmine to function as an a%lst)ng agent ha resulted in a number of industrial applications. Nucleophilic centers in cellulose,1 7-184 starch 3 and protein10 react with ethylenimine to give products containing /taounoaJky groups. 

Starch industry -enzymes m [ENZYME APPLICATIONS - INDUSTRIAL] (Vol 9)... 

The protein fraction is filtered and dried to become high (60%) protein content com gluten meal. The starch slurry can be dewatered and dried to produce regular com starch. Dry starch can be sold as is or heat treated in the presence of acid catalysts to produce dextrins. Or, it is chemically modified before dewatering and drying to produce modified starches used in food and industrial applications. Lastly, it can be hydrolyzed to produce com sweeteners. 

The first industrial application in 1935 involved the use of sodium umbellifer-one acetate [19491-88-4] and starch [24] and, later, chiefly (3-methylumbelliferone (2) [90-33-5] [6], As with esculin, however, these treatments lacked light- and wetfastness. 

Tapioca starch consumption in industrial applications has been more related to economics than to any unique functionality. While some performance characteristics of tapioca starch are advantageous in several applications, it is generally used in nonfood applications close to the supply points, such as in Brazil, India and Southeast Asia. Non-food consumption of starch in North America and Europe is primarily from readily available sources in these areas, i.e. com, wheat and potatoes. 

The industrial use of rye starch is limited. Industrial production of rye starch was carried out during World War II, but as soon as the supply of wheat, maize and potato starches returned to normal production ceased.2 Rye flour is a difficult raw material from which to isolate starch, because of its high pentosan content and the poor gluten-forming ability of the proteins. It has, therefore, been suggested that the whole rye kernel, and not the isolated starch, should be used in industrial applications (e.g. production of insulating and plastic material).3 Rye is also a problematic raw material because of the variation in the climatic conditions in northeastern Europe,... 

Starch-derived sweeteners provide a highly fermentable substrate for many industrial applications. The ability of yeast to ferment starch-derived syrups is directly... 

D-Mannitol has a diverse range of industrial applications. It is a nonhydroscopic, low-calorie, noncariogenic sweetener utilized by the food industry as well as a feedstock for the synthesis of other compounds. For example, mannitol can be oxidized at the 3 or 4 position to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde or glyceric acid, which can be used as building blocks for other compounds (Heinen et al., 2001 Makkee et al., 1985 van Bekkum and Verraest, 1996). Mannitol is formed from inulin via hydrolysis followed by catalytic hydrogenation. This yields mannitol and sorbitol from which the mannitol can be readily crystallized (Fuchs, 1987). Currently mannitol is primarily synthesized from starch. 

Partially hydrolyzed starch is called dextrin, and it is used in various industrial applications, a-Amylase had been the enzyme used to produce dextrins its molecular weight was controlled by the amount of a-amylase and its... 

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