Standard work defined

A standard work defining the soope of systems theory... 

Unless a company gets to the point where everyone from leadership to the shop understands the essence and importance of standard work, lean will not become cultural. Standard work defines how the work will be performed. Documents that describe the work methods and expected outputs are the building blocks used to establish a culture where standards are clear, employees feel productive, and consistent results expected. Standard work is the basis for establishing a continuous improvement culture where everyone is engaged in continuous improvement. Recently I conducted some lean... 

There are obvious benefits to be derived from consensus standards which define the chemistry and properties of specific materials. Such standards allow designers and users of materi s to work with confidence that the materials supplied will have the expected minimum properties. Designers and users can also be confident that comparable materials can be purchased from several suppliers. Producers are confident that materials produced to an accepted standard will find a ready market and therefore can be produced efficiently in large factories. 

Effective shutdown management depends on absolute adherence to prescribed standards that define what type of work will be done during scheduled shutdowns. These decisions can not be made by the maintenance planner alone. To aid in the selection, planning and implementation of outage tasks, a management team is a fundamental requirement. This team should be composed of ... 

There are obvious benefits to be derived from consensus standards that define the chemistry and properties of specific materials. Such standards allow designers and users of materials to work with confidence that the materials supplied will have the expected minimum... 

The mass number gives the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom of an element, but it does not convey the absolute mass of the atom. To work with the masses of elements, we use comparative masses. Initially, Dalton and the other pioneers of the atomic theory used the lightest element hydrogen and compared masses of other elements to hydrogen. The modern system uses C-12 as the standard and defines one atomic mass unit (amu) as 1/12 the mass of one C-12 atom. One amu is approximately 1.66 X 10 g. This standard means the masses of individual protons and neutrons are slightly more than 1 amu as shown in Table 4.6. 

The smaller the ratio of the standard deviation to the average value, the better the precision. However, there is no absolute standard that defines good precision or bad precision. In general, you should become increasingly suspicious of measurements as the ratio of standard deviation to the average value increases. For an experienced analytical chemist, working with a well-known system, this ratio will typically be less than 0.1%, but this level of precision is unlikely in a clinical setting. 

Harris and Habgood, in their standard work on programmed temperature GC [605] have shown that the retention time of a component under programmed temperature conditions is a function of the retention behaviour of the solute under isothermal conditions and the programming rate. The latter they defined as the heating rate (rT ... 

Reference Standard A reference standard is broadly defined as certified material or substance, supplied by a certifying body, which exhibits one or more properties that are sufficiently well established (and assigned) that it may be used for calibration of an apparatus, assessment of a measurement method, and assigning values to materials. Reference standards in pharmaceutical sciences generally fall within three categories analytical reference standards, working standards, and authentic materials. 

From the analysis of a certain number of design processes, it should be possible to define improved standard processes (6), which have proven to be effective and can serve as some kind of template for future projects. Such standard processes could be directly implemented (8) without the use of information technology A project manager, for example, can use standard work processes to organize his project, or a designer can employ a certain design procedure to design a process unit. 

For all analytical testing, standard substances are required as reference material. These standards exhibit defined quality, and serve for all types of identity, purity, degradation product and potency assays as reference quantity. In QC, reference and working standards are used. Reference standards are highly purified and extensively characterized by all appropriate physico-chemical, biochemical and immunochemical methods. Working standards are used in daily practice, and are calibrated against reference standard for routine use. 

Define management safety-related standard work activities that will publically demonstrate their safety commitment. 

Standards are the baseline from which all continuous improvement activities can be measured. An example I often use is that of an order picker in a Toyota distribution center. I am not sure if the facts I use are correct, but that is inconsequential because what is important is the concept. Standard work for order pickers is 12 picks every 15 minutes. If in any 15-minute period they do not make their standard, they have to signal their supervisor. The supervisor immediately responds and approaches the order picker not to ask why he did not work to standard, but instead to ask what process problem, or problems, prevented him from making standard. Was the inventory count incorrect Was the inventory in the wrong location These and other questions will be asked until the problem is solved. This short, simple example demonstrates three distinct principles of lean respect for people, standard work, and a continuous improvement culture. Having defined standards that everyone understands enables the other two principles. Unlike this example, the actual workday of many supervisors is one spent firefighting rather than focusing on continual Improvement. Moving from one problem to the next fills their days because standards are unknown or not communicated. 

These new standards apply only to employees engaged in residential construction work, defined as a home being built with traditional wood frame construction materials and methods. The limited use of structural steel in a predominantly wood framed home would still qualify as residential construction. Use of sheet metal studs or the use of masonry brick in exterior walls would also fall under residential construction. (Residential construction work on scaffolds, ladders and aerial... 

Standards like the lEC 61508 (1998-2005) propose a succession of tasks to develop safety critical systems. Nevertheless, these standards precisely define the analysis to produce but do not provide methods to efficiently conduct them. Therefore, there is a real need in today s industry to obtain tools and methods to support the design of safety critical systems, by linking classical methods of each specialist working on those projects. 

P = the number of phases. A phase is defined as any homogeneous part of a system, bounded by surfaces, and capable of mechanical separation from the rest of the system The definition of these terms must be made most carefully for proper application of the rule. A complete discussion is beyond the scope of this book for this and a derivation of the phase rule the reader is referred to the standard works of physical chemistry and others dealing specifically with the subject (16, 21, 53). It is important to emphasize here that the rule applies only to systems at equilibrium and that additional restrictions imposed on a system have the effect of reducing the value of F by one for each restriction. 

Each half-cell reaction has a specific standard potential reported as the potential of the reduction reaction vs. the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE). In an elecdochemical cell, there is a half-cell corresponding to the working electrode (WE), where the reactions under study take place, and a reference half-cell. Experimentally the cell potential is measured as the difference between the potentials of the WE half-cell and the reference electrode/ref-erence half-cell (see Chapter 4). The archetypal reference electrode is the NHE, also known as the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and is defined, by convention, as 0.000 V for any temperature. Although the NHE is not typically encountered due to difficulty of operation, all conventional electrodes are in turn referenced to this standard to define their absolute potential (i.e., the Ag/AgCl, 3 M KCl reference has a potential of 203 mV vs. the NHE). In practice, experimental results are either stated as being obtained vs. a specific reference electrode, or converted to potentials vs. NHE. 

Such viscometers are available with varying capillary tube diameters. This allows a wide range of viscosity values to be measured at flow times suited to routine laboratory work. In practise, this type of equipment is only used for simple characterisation techniques such as quality control checks, and usually only when a fit for purpose polymer has been characterised and standard conditions defined in order to provide a benchmark or reference result against which other samples can be compared. 

Management now set standards of accountability by delegating authority to certain positions for ongoing safety work to be done. Coordination and management of the NEMIRR system needs to be allocated to certain departments and individuals and this standard dictates who must do what, and by when, to run the system. The preceding example of a standard clearly defines who is responsible for a number of aspects of the near miss incident reporting and investigation system. 

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