Public demonstrations

The report from Sheldon and co-workers was the second publication demonstrating the potential use of enzymes in ionic liquids and the first one for lipases (Entry 13) [43]. They compared the reactivity of Candida antarctica lipase in ionic liquids such as [BMIM][PFg] and [BMIM][BF4] with that in conventional organic solvents. In all cases the reaction rates were similar for all of the reactions investigated alcoholysis, ammoniolysis, and per hydrolysis. 

As proposed earlier, the utilization of structurally related DX motifs, e.g., triangleshaped modules containing an additional ligation arm, should allow the construction of periodic lattices from DNA [78]. Recently, a set of publications demonstrated the feasibility of using DX motifs for DNA nanoconstructions [80-82]. DX-based triangle modules were... 

This development has taken place remarkably quickly over the past thirty years. In that period the first attempts to arrive at a proven analytical accuracy were made. Those who led the move were often considered as people with hobbies, obsessive even. Some eye-opening publications demonstrated clearly that generating analytical results could be compared with the generation of numbers in a lottery (G. Tolg), but were received skeptically by the scientific establishment. Even as recently as the late 1970 s even the most highly respected universities still had to be made aware that a result was not necessarily an accurate result. 

Several additional useful publications demonstrating practical applications of CE/MS methods for neurotransmitter analysis and neuropharmaceutical studies are those of Larsson and Lutz (2000) (neuropeptides including substance P) Hettiarachchi et al. (2001) (synthetic opioid peptides) Varesio et al. (2002) (amyloid-beta peptide) Zamfir and Peter-Katalinic (2004) (gangliosides) Peterson et al. (2002) (catecholamines and metanephrines) Cherkaoui and Veuthey (2002) (fluoxetine) and Smyth and Brooks (2004) (various lower molecular weight molecules including benzodiazepines, steroids, and cannabinols). 

A stream of publications demonstrating clinical efficacy are important to keep the product in the physician s mind and form the basis of promotional claims. More may be needed, however, if the product is to succeed in the marketplace. Decisions need to be made on whether sufficient data exists for modelhng of clinical effectiveness... 

An effective anesthetic agent must be easy to use, quickly render the patient unconscious, and not produce any toxicity. Dr. William T. G. Morton first publicly demonstrated the use of ether as an effective anesthetic agent at the Massachusetts General Hospital on 16 October 1846 before a crowd of skeptical physicians. Raymundus Lullius, a Spanish chemist, discovered ether (CH3CH2)20 in 1275. Its hypnotic effects were soon appreciated (and enjoyed by some), but for many decades ether was only used to treat the occasional medical ailment. Even with ether, the success of surgical procedures did not improve until the introduction of antiseptic procedures and infection control some 20 years later. Ether was replaced by cyclopropane in 1929, which was replace by halothane in 1956. While anesthetic agents are desirable for the patient, exposure of hospital staff is highly undesirable and an important occupational consideration. 

Historians credit the first public demonstration of true surgical anesthesia to William Morton, an American dentist (Fenster 2001). In 1844, Horace Wells, who was a dentist in Hartford, Connecticut, attended a public lecmre demonstration of the effects of laughing gas. One member of the audience had volunteered to inhale the nitrous oxide and then accidentally gashed his leg but felt no pain. Wells asked William Morton to... 

While important early publications demonstrated the suitability of LC-NMR to examine mixtures of isomerisation products of natural product standards that were exposed to light [4] or heat [5], the application of LC-NMR to natural products extracts was first presented with the characterisation of sesquiterpene lactones from the Mexican plant Zaluzania gray ana [6], In this chemotaxonomic investigation, a new lactone was already identified in onflow mode. 

Information support and public demonstration of the efficiency of GOOS goals. 

Nevertheless, the use of chirally modified Lewis acids as catalysts for enantioselective aminoalkylation reactions proved to be an extraordinary fertile research area [3b-d, 16]. Meanwhile, numerous publications demonstrate their exceptional potential for the activation and chiral modification of Mannich reagents (generally imino compounds). In this way, not only HCN or its synthetic equivalents but also various other nucleophiles could be ami-noalkylated asymmetrically (e.g., trimethylsilyl enol ethers derived from esters or ketones, alkenes, allyltributylstannane, allyltrimethylsilanes, and ketones). This way efficient routes for the enantioselective synthesis of a variety of valuable synthetic building blocks were created (e.g., a-amino nitriles, a- or //-amino acid derivatives, homoallylic amines or //-amino ketones) [3b-d]. 

CNTs are especially valued as implant materials thanks to their novel mechanical properties and surface functionability.35 They have been found to make an ideal scaffold for the growth of bone tissue.36 Moreover, many tissues and organs require bio-compatible substrates to facilitate tissue growth and implantation. The fabric made fom CNTs serves as an efficient tissue scaffold.36 Several publications demonstrate that CNTs can be used as a substrate for neuronal growth, and that modifications of the CNTs can be employed to modulate the development of neurons. This suggests that it may be possible to employ suitably functionalized CNTs as neural prostheses in neurite regeneration.35 Lipid bilayers have been developed using a nanotube template. 

Similar to all other colloidal delivery systems discussed above it was hypothesized by numerous research teams that a positive charge (provided by cationic surfactants [220]) would increase the ocular residence time of the formulation due to electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged mucin residues. However, toxicological studies contradicted this assumption regarding the ocular effects, and so far there has been no publication demonstrating a distinct beneficial effect of charged surfactants incorporated into MEs. 

The first public demonstration of anesthesia the anesthetic used was ether. Massachusetts GeneraJ Hospital, 1846. (Courtesy of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston)... 

At about the same time, Lavoisier was preoccupied with the disappearance of diamonds, which had caused a sensation since Jean Darcet s (1725-1801) report to the Academy in May of 1768. Public demonstrations continued intermittently until April of 1772. Early in 1772, to settle the dispute among several contending interpretations for this phenomenon, the Academy set up a committee consisting of Macquer, Cadet, and Lavoisier. They examined three hypotheses—volatilization, combustion, and decrepitation—respectively favored by Darcet, Macquer, and Cadet. The answer hinged on the experimental control of air in the process. Volatilization or vaporization did not require the presence of air combustion and decrepitation would require the chemical or the mechanical role of air in the process, respectively. Darcet had... 

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