STANDARD SITE CHARACTERISTICS

Careful planning of the initial investigation activities is very important because this task sets the stage for future decisions and actions. Physical site characteristics, extent and intensity of contamination, cultural features, and historical background are confirmed in this project phase. Cleanup levels, potential remedial schemes, and probable costs are established with the data derived from the initial work. Regulators typically set conservative closure standards to assure public safety. Once these are established, it is difficult to modify them. Therefore, a truly representative site investigation must be completed before any remediation levels are set. 

In summary, the CDC assessment proposed a site-specific recommendation, not a universal standard for clean-up. CDC s analysis assumed a uniform contamination of the entire soil surface in residential neighborhoods, a situation not known to exist in Missouri or elsewhere in the United States. Further, the CDC 1 ppb guideline and risk assessment methodology were intended for application only to residential sites -not to industrial sites or other areas where the exposure to children would not occur. The present assessment indicates that, depending on the site characteristics and the use patterns, a soil concentration of TCDD considerably in excess of 1 ppb is acceptable for residential areas. Soil concentrations greater than 100 ppb in non-residential areas should amply protect the environment and public health. 

The objective of the review of hazard analysis is to determine the adequacy of protection of the nuclear power plant against internal and external hazards with account taken of the actual plant design, actual site characteristics, the actual condition of SSCs and their predicted state at the end of the period covered by the PSR, and current analytical methods, safety standards and knowledge. 

The local site characteristics and soil stratifications were determined based on the available soil borings and insitu seismic wave measurements conducted in the area (Kdic et al., 2006). The shear wave velocities with depth were estimated using in-hole PS-Logging and surface seismic wave measurements when available and/or using the empirical relationship proposed by lyisan (1996) in terms of standard penetration blow counts. Shear wave velocity profiles were established down to the engineering bedrock... 

Master recipe The master recipe, which is targeted to a process cell or a subset of the process cell equipment, can be derived from a general or site recipe. W ith the necessary process and product knowledge, it can be developed as stand-alone recipe also. Based on ISA 88 standard, some characteristics of master recipes include the following ... 

The APIOOO is a standard plant that is to be placed on a site with parameters bounded by those described in Chapter 2, Site Characteristics, of EDCD (Reference 2.1). The site parameters relate to the seismology, hydrology, meteorology, geology, heat sink and other site-related aspects they are discussed in Chapter 3 of this PCSR. 

In terms of radiation safety mrmerical collective and individual targets and legal limits (Table 12-2), the AP1000 standard design meets these objectives. Further confirmation will evolve on a site specific basis as site characteristics are identified and analysed. 

Much of the experience and data from wastewater treatment has been gained from municipal treatment plants. Industrial liquid wastes are similar to wastewater but differ in significant ways. Thus, typical design parameters and standards developed for municipal wastewater operations must not be blindly utilized for industrial wastewater. It is best to run laboratory and small pilot tests with the specific industrial wastewater as part of the design process. It is most important to understand the temporal variations in industrial wastewater strength, flow, and waste components and their effect on the performance of various treatment processes. Industry personnel in an effort to reduce cost often neglect laboratory and pilot studies and depend on waste characteristics from similar plants. This strategy often results in failure, delay, and increased costs. Careful studies on the actual waste at a plant site cannot be overemphasized. 

The amount of BrOnsted sites was evaluated by measuring the surface of the characteristic band at 1540 cm . Corrections have been made to take into account the differences in weight and surface of the wafers. After each test, the wafer was weighted and its cross section was measured with a planimeter. The results were corrected to represent those of a "standard wafer" (Ag) of 5 mg and 25 units of area, according to the following expression ... 

Soil Cleanup, or remediation, of hazardous waste sites will often produce contaminated soil. Contaminated soil must be handled as hazardous waste if it contains a listed hazardous waste or if it exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste. As with hazardous waste, land disposal of hazardous soil is prohibited until the soil has been treated to meet LDR standards. These contaminated soils, due to either their large volume or unique properties, are not always amenable to the waste codespecific treatment standards. Because of this, U.S. EPA promulgated alternative soil treatment standards in 268.49 in May 1998. The alternative soil treatment standards mandate reduction of hazardous constituents in the soil by 90% or 10 times UTS, whichever is higher. Removal of the characteristic is also required if the soil is ignitable, corrosive, or reactive. 

In many risk analyses standard dispersion models, available from the EPA for regulatory compliance purposes, are used to compute concentration patterns for prototypes of a class of sources, and the patterns are convolved with population patterns that are characteristic of the source sites (5, 6). A similar level of analysis detail that relies on measured pollutant (ozone) concentration in each county of the Northeast Corridor rather than on modeled concentrations was used by Johnson and Capel ( 7). 

In conclusion, one must insist on the importance of the main metrological characteristic, the traceabilility (generally of a result), ensuring a clear (unbroken) relationship between the final result and the complete measurement scheme by using appropriate procedures, standards and calibrated equipment. However, for chemical metrology and particularly for on-site measurement, some adaptations are needed for a wider meaning of traceability [66]. 

According to Parthe et al. (1993), a standardization procedure is necessary in the presentation of the relevant data characteristic of a crystal structure (see also Parthe and Gelato 1984). A convenient description of the structure types is then possible using the Wyckoff sequence (the letters of the occupied Wyckoff sites). This allows a finer classification of structure types and offers suggestions not only for recognizing isotypic structures but also possible structural relationships like substitution, formation of vacancy or filled-in structure variants. 

Investment costs for SHP plants vary according to site-specific and local characteristics. The most important system and cost elements are (1) civil engineering, (2) equipment, and (3) turbine. The electrical generator represents less than 5% of the total cost of a power plant and the efficiency of generators for new plants is already close to 100%. However, standardization of generator equipment for small hydropower could further reduce installation and maintenance costs. 

The bioassay technique was developed to reduce the uncertainties associated with the use of native vegetation or cultivated crops. Plants can be started under controlled conditions and exposed under standardized conditions. Species and cultivars can be selected for oxidant sensitivity and symptom characteristics. The two studies just noted were the most closely controlled. Similar work has not been repeated. However, many investigators have grown plants under known cultural conditions and then transplanted them to field sites where they received special care. These plants can then be read for foliar symptoms throughout a given period, and the symptoms related to oxidant concentrations. The lack of apparent correlation in the two early studies could be due to the lack of specificity for the monitored oxidants, the presence of different concentrations of interacting oxidants at different times, or variations in cultural conditions between exposure times. 

---