Water culture

Several years large infrastructures, aquifer recharges, settlement of new water cultures, climate change, etc. 

Hoagland, D. R., Arnon, D. I. "The water-culture method for growing plants without soil," Calif. Agrlc. Exp. Stn. Manual 347, 1950. 

De Antoni et al. [1.23] demonstrated, that the addition of trehalose during freezing and thawing of two strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus improved the survival rate differentially, but in both cases considerably. The samples (1 mL) were frozen at 18 °C/min to -60 °C and thawed to 37 °C at 15 °C/min. The solution consisted of distilled water, culture medium and 10 % milk with or without trehalose. It was shown, that after three freezingthawing cycles, milk alone resulted in a survival rate of 24 % or 65 %, while with trehalose this was can be improved to 32 % and 100 % respectively. The efficacy in the case of both strains was clearly different. De Antoni et al. suggested, that the efficiency of milk was related to its Ca2+ content, while the trehalose could replace water molecules in the phospholipids of the membranes. However no mention was made wether other sugar molecules in milk showed any effect. 

Biological. Soil water cultures converted l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane to 1-propanol, bromide, and chloride ions. Precursors to the alcohol formation include allyl chloride and allyl alcohol (Castro and Belser, 1968). 

Fong, K. H., Ulrich, A. (1969). Growing potato plants by the water culture technique. Amer Potato J., 46,269-212. 

Malone, Ph. G. and Towe, K. M. Microbial carbonate and phosphate precipitates from sea water cultures. Mar. Geol. 9, 301-309 (1970). 

Dutta A C. 1989. Plants responses to high homoeopathic potencies in distilled water culture. ICCHOS News Letter II 3 2-8. 

The influence of nitrogen concentration and ammonium/nitrate ratio on N-uptake of citrus was studied by Serna et al. (1992). In short-term water culture experiments with 15N labelled NH/ or N03 at various concentrations, citrus seedlings absorbed... 

Hewitt, E.J. (1965) Ch. 20. In Sand and Water Culture Methods Used in the Study of Plant Nutrition. 

Although most plants and many soil microbes are hampered at soil acidities as low as pH 5, plants in water culture grow well down to pH 3. The effects of soil acidity are due to toxicity by Al3+ and transition metal ions that are more soluble at low pH and coincidentally release H+ by reacting strongly with water. The pH is an indicator of ion status in soils rather than being harmful per se. 

The salt-water culture of Aspergillus ochraceus separated from the Indo-Pacific sponge Jaspis coriacea has yielded two new chlorine containing polyketides, chlorocarolide A (183) and B (184). These compounds have an overall structural analogy to penicilic acid whose biosynthesis has been intensely studied. The structures and stereochemical features of the chlorocarolides were reported [214]. 

For determination of starch concentration, starch was first hydrolyzed with glueoamylase to glucose. Glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger (6,100 U/mL, Sigma) was used for measurement of starch concentration after diluted 100 times with distilled water. Culture broth of 0.1 mL and 0.8 mL Dl water were preincubated at 30 °C for 5 min before adding... 

Hewitt EJ (1966) Sand and water culture methods in the study of plant nutrition. Technical Communication No. 22, pp. 541f Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Farnham Royal Bucks, England. 

Takemoto, T., Nomoto, K., Fushiya, S., Ouchi, R., Kusano, G., Hikino, H., Takagi, S., Matsuura, Y, Kakudo, M., 1978. Structure of mugineic acid, a new amino acid possessing an iron-chelat-ing activity from roots washings of water-cultured Hordeum vulgare L. Proc. Jap. Acad. Ser. B. Phys. Biol. Sci. 54, 469 73. 

Block copolymer of PVA and 1,1 dicarboxylated malonate copolymer. M = 9000-24,000 VA block content 8-72% Biochemical oxygen demand, molecular weight, CO2 evolution, organic carbon analysis River water culture isolates (aerobic) River sediment or anaerobic activated sludge (anaerobic) [136]... 

Green water culture is the description of a variety of methods for the cultivation of larval fish and crustaceans where microalgae are included in the rearing environment. Naturally occurring phytoplankton have been positively encouraged in outdoor pond systems by the use of fertilization... 

Water-Culture Techniques. These hydroponic methods, which are frequendy used to cultivate plants that quickly attain maturity, involve roots constantly being suspended in a nutrient solution. Water-culture hydroponic techniques are often utilized to grow lettuce crops. For the raft culture technique, growers place plants on platforms drilled with holes to pull roots through so roots can be submerged in pools of nutrient solution on which the platforms float. In the dynamic root floating technique, roots closest to the plant are kept dry so they can supply oxygen to the plant. The lower roots are constantly exposed to nutrient solutions and absorb those minerals and elements to nourish the plant. 

Hoagland DR, Amon DJ (1950) The water-culture method of growing plants without soil. CaMf Agric Exp Sta Qrc 347... 

The regularity of the distribution of rare earth elements in plants was studied by the water culture method in which the nutrient materials can be controlled. Cucumber, the experimental plant, was treated with a solution of lanthanum chloride during its growth, and the rare earth content in different parts of the cucumber was analyzed. It was found that the tender part of the cucumber had more lanthanum than the tough part. This is in accordance with the regular distribution of essential nutrient elements in plants. 

Barashkova (1963) studied to what extent the connection between the living tops of Cladonia rangiferina thalli and the substratum is maintained through the dead basal portion of the thalli. She conducted water-culture and field experiments. The growth of thalli was faster on substrata rich in nutrients and quantitative microscopic measurements revealed that the enhanched growth was directly proportional to the amount of the phyco-biont. So there must exist translocation of nutrients within the thalli from the base to the top. 

According to a hospital press release, although the high-tech faucets cut daily water consumption by well over half, Johns Hopkins researchers identified Legionella growing in 50 percent of cultured water samples from 20 electronic-eye faucets in or near patient rooms on three different inpatient units, but in only 1 5 percent of water cultures from 20 traditional, manual faucets in the same patient care areas. Weekly water culture results also showed half the amount of bacterial growth of any kind in the manual faucets than in the electronic models. 

---