Ground water system

These processes do not operate independently for example, the behavior of plutonium in step 3 will be greatly dependent on the species formed as a result of solution-phase reactions in step 2. However, from a chemical standpoint, we have found that consideration of these processes individually is a useful aid to understanding the transport of plutonium in a ground-water system. 

Rostad CE, Pereira WE, Hult MF. 1985. Partitioning studies of coal-tar constituents in a two-phase contaminated ground-water system. Chemosphere 14 1023-1036. ... 

Radioactive waste management is a quite mature field of application of basic geoscientific disciplines. As we will discuss in forthcoming sections, the long-term performance and henceforth the safety of radioactive waste disposal systems, deeply relies on the basic principles that control the release, mobility, and transport of the chemical elements in the geosphere. In the context of radioactive waste disposal, the waste matrix constitutes the innermost of the barriers that may control the release and ulterior transport of radionuclides through the ground-water systems. 

Isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen are useful tracers of water sources because they are constituents of the water molecule itself and because they are conservative in aquifers at near-surface temperatures. Isotopic techniques take advantage of the fact that lakes and their surrounding ground-water systems are usually isotopically distinct. Applications of stable isotopes for the study of lakes were first described by Dincer (10) and were discussed in several subsequent review articles (11-14). Most applications of isotopic techniques to lake systems are designed for the determination of water balances, nutrient-uptake studies, and paleotemperature reconstructions. 

Ahlfeld, D. P., and Heidari, M. (1994), Applications of optimal hydraulic control to ground-water systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 120(3), 350-365. 

Ahlfeld, D. P., and Mulligan, A. E. (2000). Optimal Management of Flow in Ground-water Systems, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 

Harrington, G.A., P.G. Cook, and N.I. Robinson. 2000. Equihbration times of gas-filled diffusion samplers in slow-moving ground water systems. Ground Water Monit. Remediat. 20 60-65. 

Plummer L.N., Parkhurst D.L. and Thorstenson D.C. (1983) Development of reaction models for ground-water systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47, 665-686. 

Lipfert, G., Sidle, W. C., Reeve, A. S., Ayuso, R. A., and Boyce, A. (2007). High arsenic concentrations and enriched sulfur and oxygen isotopes in a fractured-bedrock ground-water system. Chem. Geol. 242, 385-399. 

Evaporation and plant transpiration operate on water prior to its arrival in recharged groundwater systems. Evapotranspiration returns part of the precipitated water into the atmosphere, while the dissolved salts, including chlorine, stay behind and become enriched in the water fraction that reaches the ground-water systems. Figure 12.2 shows chlorine and bromine concentrations observed in various wells in a stretch of several hundred square kilometers in the flat Murray-Malee region of Australia. Several... 

Development of strategies to select the best sampling sites, for example, preference of stagnant (naturally capsulated) ground-water systems... 

Clay minerals are present in almost all surface-water and ground-water systems, and in many instances may be controlling the concentration of aluminum, silica, iron, magnesium, or other cations in solution. The thermodynamic data necessary to evaluate the state of reaction (saturation) are not available for some clay minerals, and for those minerals with published values, the data are in disagreement by as much as 10 kilocalories per mole for the same clay mineral. A critical review of the available data for kaolinite and sepiolite, incorporating both the most recent thermodynamic data for the components in the reaction schemes and a more complete computation for the solubility data, yields the values of -907.7 +1.3 and 1105.6 +0.4 kilocalories per mole for the free energy of formation of kaolinite and sepiolite, respectively. 

Kinetic modeling was used to estimate the effective surface area of aquifer in contact with a unit volume of ground water for a composite saturated-unsaturated groundwater system in southern Nevada. This aquifer property, not obtainable by other means, is necessary for realistic modeling of solute transport in ground-water systems. The results of the kinetic modeling indicate that... 

Parkhurst, D. L. Plummer, L. N. and Thorstenson, D. C. Chemical models in ground-water systems, Geol. Soc. Amer. 

The radiogenic Rb-Sr isotopic system has become a useful parameter in studies of ground-water systems, especially in assessing the origin(s) of the solutes. McNutt (2000) presents a detailed review of strontium isotopic behavior in water with emphasis on water-rock interaction see also Chapter 5.12. 

Clearly it is preferable to avoid the release of As from geothermal systems into surface or ground water systems. In developed geothermal fields, reinjection of waste water into the field is commonly used to avoid... 

Expected concentrations for ground-water systems only (Focazio et al., 2000)... 

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