Spinal shock

Spinal shock Shock that occurs as a result of malfunction of the sympathetic nervous system after a spinal cord injury. 

H26. Holiday, J. W and Faden, A. I Naloxone acts at central opiate receptors to reverse hypotension, hypothermia, and hypoventilation in spinal shock. Brain Res. 19,295-299 (1980). 

Occurs as a result of circulatory insufficiency associated with overwhelming infection Occurs when obstruction of blood flow results in inadequate tissue perfusion. Examples include a severe reduction of blood flow as the result of massive pulmonary embolism, pericardial tamponade, restrictive pericarditis, and severe cardiac valve dysfunction Occurs as a result of blockade of neurohum oral outflow. Examples include from a pharmacological source (ie, spinal anesthesia) or direct injury to the spinal cord. This type of shock is rare. 

It is used in hypotensive shock for the purpose of elevating blood pressure, which can result from spinal anesthesia, surgical complications, and head trauma. Synonyms of metaraminol are aramine, isophenylephrin, metaradine, and others. 

The vasoconstrictor actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine have been used to prolong the action of local anesthetics by reducing local blood flow in the region of the injection. Epinephrine has been used as a topical hemostatic agent for the control of local hemorrhage. Norepinephrine is infused intravenously to combat systemic hypotension during spinal anesthesia or other hypotensive conditions in which peripheral resistance is low, but it is not used to combat the hypotension due to most types of shock. In shock, marked sympathetic activity is already present, and perfusion of organs, such as the kidneys, may be jeopardized by norepinephrine administration. 

Neurogenic shock is generally occur in abdominal trauma, spinal anasthesia, spinal cord injury and is managed by vasopressor agents e.g. dopamine. 

Scopolia tangutica Max. San Long Zhi (root) Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, anisodamine, anisodine.33-42 Treat shock caused by acute infectious diseases, cerebral thrombosis, acute spinal cord inflammation. 

Variables related to the activity of the muscle are also important. For example, human dystrophic DMD myotubes only develop differences in [Ca2+] relative to control when cultured in the presence of spinal cord tissue, which induces muscle contractions (Imbert et al., 1995). This requirement is not necessary for myotubes cultured from the mdx mouse, which spontaneously contract (Hopf et al., 1996b). In both cases, chronic but not acute inhibition of contraction with tetrodotoxin returns resting [Ca2+] levels in dystrophic muscle to normal levels. In addition, osmotic shock causes elevations in [Ca2+] primarily in dystrophic muscle (Imbert et al., 1996). 

Many causes of acute spinal cord infarction (of arterial and venous origin) have been reported (Table 17.2). They include diseases of the aorta and aortic surgery, thromboembolic events and cartilaginous disc embolism, vasculitis, coagulopathy, radiation-induced vasculopathy, toxic effects of contrast medium, epidural anesthesia, periradicu-lar nerve root therapy with crystalline corticoids, decompression illness, shock or cardiac arrest, lumbar artery compression and other etiologies... 

Rossier J, French ED, Rivier C, Ling N, Girillemin R, Bloom F (1977) Foot-shock induced stress increases beta-endorphin levels in blood but not brain. Nature 270 618-620 Roumy M, Zajac J-M (1998) Neuropeptide FF, pain and analgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 345 1-11 Rousselot P, Papadopoulos G, Merighi A, Poulain DA, Theodosis DT (1990) Oxytocineigic innervation of the rat spinal cord. An electron microscopic study. Brain Res 529 178-184... 

During the construction and maintenance of bridges or elevated structures, numerous falls of industrial workers into water occurred. These falls resulted in various kinds of injuries such as spinal injuries, bleeding of lungs, shock, and sometimes death. 

CSF cerebrospinal fluids are fluid in the ventricles of the brain, between the arachnoid and pia mater, and surrounding the spinal cord that absorbs shocks and maintains uniform pressure. 

Anaphylactic shock has been reported after spinal... 

Moriwaki K, Higaki A, Sasaki H, Murata K, Sumida T, Baba I. [A case report of anaphylactic shock induced by tetracaine used for spinal anesthesia.] Masui 35(8) 1279-84. 

Glucocorticoids are recommended for the treatment of CNS disorders as they stabilize microvas-cular permeability, reduce edema formation, reduce intracranial pressure, decrease oxygen-derived free radicals and prevent post-traumatic autodestruction of nervous tissue. Their clinical use in equine medicine includes the treatment of brain and spinal cord trauma, cerebral edema associated with neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS), endotoxic shock and EPM. This is despite the fact that the safety and efficacy of glucocorticoids in the treatment of many types of nervous system inflammation has not been established and their use and dosing schedules continue to be debated. 

Hypersensitivity to amide-type local anesthetics, Adams-Stoke syndrome, supraventricular arrhythmias, Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome. Spinal anesthesia contraindicated in septicemia. Caution Dosage should be reduced for elderly, debilitated, acutely ill safety in children has not been established. Severe renal/hepatic disease, hypovolemia, CHF, shock, heart block, marked hypoxia, severe respiratory depression, bradycardia, incomplete heart block. Anesthetic solutions containing epinephrine should be used with caution in peripheral or hypertensive vascular disease and during or following potent general anesthesia. Sulfite sensitivity or asthma for some local and topical anesthetic preparations. Tartrazine or aspirin sensitivity with some topical preparations. Anxiety, insomnia, apprehension, blurred vision, loss of hearing acuity, and nausea CNS depression, convulsion and respiratory depression... 

Victim assessment bleeding shock calling emergency medical service poisons cold-related emergencies bone, spinal, and muscle emergencies burns heat-related injuries and heart attack and stroke. 

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