Source Reduction Methods

Some examples of source reduction options for reducing wastes associated with abrasive cleaning include  

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Waste associated with equipment cleaning represents the largest source of waste in a paint facility. Methods that reduce the need or frequency of tank cleaning or allow for reuse of the cleaning solutions are the most effective. Source reduction methods include ... 

Facilities that use small quantities of paint and a large variety of colors often purchase paint in small cans and containers (less than five gallons) for use in spray gun equipment. After emptying the can of paint into the spray gun s pressure pot, a coating of paint remains inside the can. Since these cans are seldom cleaned, the entire can must be discarded as waste. Also included in this waste stream should be outdated or leftover paint removed from storage. Source reduction methods for this waste stream include ... 

Even if care is taken to minimize waste, there will still be waste to treat. Currently used wet finishing processes produce waste containing organic as well as inorganic compounds. The efflnents are rich in chemicals of which some are persistent or resistant to water treatment methods. Table 2.1 lists typical examples of finishing waste that resists biodegradation. Removal of these substances from wastewater is expensive and difficult to achieve. Because of this, the effiuent segregation and source reduction methods are preferred as economically attractive alternatives. 

As discussed in the introduction, the hierarchy set forth by the USEPA in the Pollution Prevention Act establishes an order to which waste-management activities should be employed to reduce the quantity of waste generated. The preferred method is source reduction, as indicated in Fig. 25-1. This approach actually precedes traditional waste management by addressing the source of the problem prior to its occurrence. 

Waste minimization generally considers all of the methods in the EPA hierarchy (except for disposal) appropriate to reduce the volume or quantity of waste requiring dispos (i.e., source reduction). The definition oi source reduction as applied in the Pollution Prevention Act, however, is any practice that reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream... 

The treatment of waste is the third element of the hierarchy and should be utilized only in the absence of feasible source reduction or recychng opportunities. Waste treatment involves the use of chemical, biological, or physical processes to reduce or eliminate waste material. The incineration of wastes is included in this categoiy and is considered preferable to other treatment methods (i.e., chemical, biological, and physical) because incineration can permanently destroy the hazardous components in waste materials (Ref. 4). It can also be employed to reduce the volume of waste to be treated. 

Establish standard methods of measurement for source reduction... 

Pollution prevention practices have become part of the U.S. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, working in conjunction with best management practices (BMPs) to reduce potential pollutant releases. Pollution prevention methods have been shown to reduce costs as well as pollution risks through source reduction and recycling/reuse techniques.5... 

The Pollution Prevention Act of 199027 requires facilities to report information about the management of Toxic Relief Inventory (TRI) chemicals in waste and efforts made to eliminate or reduce those quantities. The data summarized in Table 3.38 cover a four-year period and is meant to provide a basic understanding of the quantities of waste handled by the industry, the methods typically used to manage this waste, and recent trends in these methods.1 TRI waste management data can be used to assess trends in source reduction within individual industries and facilities, and for specific TRI chemicals. This information could then be used as a tool in identifying opportunities for pollution prevention compliance assistance activities. 

A large number of techniques have been described in the literature, for example, dyestulf adsorption, oxidative and reductive treatments, electrochemical oxidation or reduction methods, electrochemical treatment with flocculation, membrane separation processes, and biological methods [37-55]. Each of these techniques offers special advantages, but they can also be understood as a source of coupled problems, for example, consumption of chemicals, increased COD, AOX, increased chemical load in the wastewater, and formation of sludge that has to be disposed. 

With all the wealth of exact solutions obtainable through Lie symmetries of the Yang-Mills equations, it is possible to construct solutions that cannot be derived by the symmetry reduction method. The source of these solutions is conditional or nonclassical symmetry of the Yang-Mills equations. 

Recycling of wastes is the preferable waste management method after source reduction opportunities have been exhausted. Recycling can be performed within the process itself, within the plant, or off-site, and can involve reuse of the entire waste stream, or recovery of a part of it. Recovery of the stream s metal content can be achieved through operations such as electrolytic recovery, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange. 

Treatment of waste should be considered only after source reduction and recycling options are fully addressed. Treatment includes methods for separation of the metals fraction from the wastes stream. This typically involves neutralization, precipitation, filtration and drying operations. Waste treatment, although often desirable and necessary, is not considered to be a waste minimization option by the USEPA... 

Waste reduction methods of specific interest to PC board manufacture are discussed below 11.1.3 SOURCE REDUCTION 11.1.3.1 Metal Complexes... 

The checklist is divided into three areas 1) Material Storage and Handling, 2) Production Processes and 3) Treatment Alternatives. Material degradation, samples, spills, storage, and inspections are addressed in the first section. Production processes include source reduction for process bath solutions and rinse systems, resource recovery and recycling, and solvent management. Treatment Alternatives focuses on process water pretreatment, modification of conventional wastewater treatment, and alternative waste treatment methods. Each of these subsections follow the question and answer format. 

The WRH in column one has been completed by the authors for each option. If you have an option that is not included in the list of options you may add it to the list and assign it an appropriate WRH value. Source reduction has the greatest point value because source reduction is usually the easiest and cheapest methods of waste reduction to implement. Treatment, on the other hand, is on the lower end of the scale and is considered to be the least desirable option. Treatment is discouraged as the first alternative in hazardous waste management. These point values are selected by the authors. If you feel that they should be modified you should feel free to change them when you use the WRAM. 

Finally, source reduction should not be taken as any more than an important component in a wel1-conceived waste management plan. Field experience and the literature show clearly that source reduction, while ripe for exploitation as a preferred method of waste management by the electroplating industry, cannot eliminate waste generation. 

This book analyzes alternatives to land disposal of hazardous metal waste streams, focusing on methods that prevent waste generation. Source reduction, recycling, and treatment strategies are examined. 

It might be thought that reductive methods would be suitable for the preparation of hydrido-complexes. In fact, most such compounds are prepared by substitution reactions, using a source of H such as NaBH4 the formation of, e.g., NaBCl4 as a product assists the thermodynamics (cf. the use of LiAlH4 in the preparation of SiH4 in Section 10.3 above). 

This report discusses the problems associated with scrap tires and identifies existing and potential source reduction and utilization methods that may be effective in solving the tire problem. Barriers to increased utilization and options for removing the barriers are identified and evaluated. 

The book is presented in two parts. Part I covers the problems associated with scrap tires and identifies existing and potential source reduction and utilization methods that may be effective in solving the tire problem. Barriers to increased utilization and options for removing the barriers are identified and evaluated. Part II provides information on the use of whole, scrap tires and tire-derived-fuel (TDF) as combustion fuel, and on the pyrolysis of scrap tires. The use of whole tires and TDF as a primary fuel is discussed for dedicated tire-to-energy facilities. The use of whole tires and TDF as a supplemental fuel is discussed for cement manufacturing plants, electric utilities, pulp and paper mills, and other industrial processes. The focus of Part II is on the impact of burning whole tires and TDF on air emissions. The information in the book is from the following documents ... 

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