Surface waters, pollution

The major energy-related sources of water pollution are from thermal pollution, surface water pollution from oil spills, polychlorinated biphenyls, and groundwater contamination. 

Organic farming poses no risk of ground and surface water pollution by synthetic pesticides. The active ingredients of permitted pesticides have not been properly monitored nor their effects sufficiently investigated. 

The environmental protection agencies of most countries have identified agriculture as the largest nonpoint source of surface water pollution. This is a major problem in each country. Pesticides and nitrates from fertilizers are detected in the groundwater in many agricultural regions. Soil erosion is a concern in many countries. Pest resistance to pesticides continues to grow, and the problem of pesticide residues in food has yet to be resolved. All nations are more competitive in international markets than a few years ago. 

Proba, M. Chosen anthropogenic factors of surface water pollution analysis of the phenomenon. Eng. Environ. Prot. 16(1), 113-119 (2013). in Polish... 

Based on results from the sampling program, the study team estimated that the refinery generated 27,500 tons/year of waste materials. Airborne emissions accounted for almost half of the total 48% (13,200 tons). Solid waste accounted for 29% (8100 tons), surface water pollutants 14% (3700 tons), and biosolids from wastewater treatment 9% (2400 tons). 

Liu DH and Liptak BG (eds.) (1999) Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

Human Receptors for Surface Water. The following factors are scored to obtain a measure of human exposure to surface water pollution ... 

Keywords surface water pollution sources quality parameters 1. Introduction... 

To avoid or minimize analytical interferences often encountered in wastewater, contaminated surface water, polluted soils, and wastes, a clean-up step is sometimes necessary to produce a clean extract that can be injected directly into the chromatograph. 

It follows that the content of dissolved oxygen is an important indicator of the quality of streams, as one of the first indications of surface water pollution by organic substances is a decrease in the oxygen content downstream from the source of poUution. Oxygen in water is of vital importance for fish, a concentration of 3-4 mg 1 is usually considered to be the lower limit, but this depends on the sensitivity of fish. The salmon-like fish require a concentration of approximately 6 mg... 

Following the prohibition of nuclear weapons testing the most important source of radioactive pollution of surface water is the radioactivity of wastes from exploitation and processing of uranium ores. Wastewaters with artificial radionuclides are less dangerous for surface water pollution. 

By ensuring that all drums and IBCs are stored in a bimded area, the risk of ground or surface water pollution is reduced. Such a facility also ensures that flammable substances are contained, reducing the risk of the spread of fire should a leak occur. 

C.M. Cooper. Biological effects of agriculturally derived surface-water pollutants on aquatic systems—a review. J. Environ. Qual., 22 402 08, 1993. 

E. Alonso, A. Santos, M. Callejon, and J.C. Jimenez. Speciation as a screening tool for the determination of heavy metal surface water pollution in the Guadiamar river basin. Chemo-... 

Urban runoff is the greatest cause of surface water pollution in many parts of the world. Toxins contained in runoff include pathogens, nutrients (nitrate and phosphate). 

It must be realized that there are potential environmental risks associated with all hazardous waste treatment/disposal alternatives. Some of these are listed in Table 3.16, which compares various technologies with potential impacts on health, surface water pollution, subsurface pollution, air emissions, and production of residual concentrates. 

In regard to water pollution, reports pointed out that water pollutants have the ability to harm aquatic life, threaten human health, or result in the loss of recreational or aesthetic potential. Surface water pollutants come from industrial sources, nonpoint sources, municipal sources, background sources, and other/ unknown sources. Out of the eight chief water pollutants—biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients, suspended solids, pH, oil and grease, pathogenic microorganisms, toxic pollutants, and nontoxic pollutants—all, in one way or another, are linked to chemistry and the chemical industry. 

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