Solvent, solvents chlorinated hydrocarbon

Solubility. Poly(ethylene oxide) is completely soluble in water at room temperature. However, at elevated temperatures (>98° C) the solubiUty decreases. It is also soluble in several organic solvents, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons (see Water-SOLUBLE polymers). Aromatic hydrocarbons are better solvents for poly(ethylene oxide) at elevated temperatures. SolubiUty characteristics are Hsted in Table 1. 

Physical Properties. Thionyl chloride [7719-09-7], SOCI2, is a colorless fuming Hquid with a choking odor. Selected physical and thermodynamic properties are Hsted in Table 6. Thionyl chloride is miscible with many organic solvents including chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. It reacts quickly with water to form HCl and SO2. Thionyl chloride is stable at room temperature however, slight decomposition occurs just... 

Polystyrene. Polystyrene [9003-53-6] is a thermoplastic prepared by the polymerization of styrene, primarily the suspension or bulk processes. Polystyrene is a linear polymer that is atactic, amorphous, inert to acids and alkahes, but attacked by aromatic solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dry cleaning fluids. It is clear but yellows and crazes on outdoor exposure when attacked by uv light. It is britde and does not accept plasticizers, though mbber can be compounded with it to raise the impact strength, ie, high impact polystyrene (HIPS). Its principal use in building products is as a foamed plastic (see Eoamed plastics). The foams are used for interior trim, door and window frames, cabinetry, and, in the low density expanded form, for insulation (see Styrene plastics). 

Degreasing small parts can be achieved with solvent sprays. Chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (tricho) are sometimes used, normally in a heated vapor bath, although special handling, solvent recovery, and disposal methods are required. 

Organic solvents Chlorinated hydrocarbons Heavy metals Cyanide, other toxics Conventional pollutants... 

They are resistant to solvents except chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters and ketones. They are used in boat hulls, lorry cabs, car bodies, caravans, roofing panels, tea trays, insulation plates, motor cycle, side cars, chairs, fishing rods, sinks, suit cases and in chemical plant. 

The character of fuel oil generally renders the usual test methods for total petroleum hydrocarbons (Chapters 7 and 8) ineffective since high proportions of the fuel oil (specifically, residual fuel oil) are insoluble in the usual solvents employed for the test. In particular, the asphaltene constituents are insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents and are only soluble in aromatic solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, methylene dichloride, and the like). Residua and asphalt (Chapter 10) have high proportions of asphaltene constituents, which render any test for total petroleum hydrocarbons meaningless unless a suitable solvent is employed in the test method. 

Soluble in acetone, alcohol, benzene, ether (Weast, 1986), and many other solvents, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

The technology developer claims that the air strippers can treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes. According to the developer, the technology can also treat organic solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel/gasoline hydrocarbons, and degreasers. 

Elemental fluorine, commonly diluted with an inert gas (argon, neon, nitrogen), can be used in a variety of solvents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons... 

Dyeing from Organic Solvents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, in particular, have been recommended as a medium for continuous or batch dyeing of acetate and PES fibers. For continuous dyeing, dye application from either chlorinated hydrocarbons or an aqueous liquor with fixation in solvent vapor is possible. This method is disfavored for ecological and toxicological reasons [82, p. 676],... 

Identification The volatile oil distilled from an oleoresin is similar in its physical and chemical properties, including its infrared spectrum, to that distilled from the spice of the same origin. To obtain the volatile oil from the oleoresin, proceed as directed under Volatile Oil Content, Appendix VHI. Residual Solvent Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (total) Not more than 0.003% Acetone Not more than 0.003% Isopropanol Not more than 0.003% Methanol Not more than 0.005% Hexane Not more than 0.0025%. 

Some interesting new fabrication techniques have recently been developed. The impetus comes from the need to supplant existing technologies with methods that are less expensive, offer greater latitude for materials selection, and yield higher quality coatings. Further, recent restrictions on the emission of organic solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons in particular, have emphasized the need to... 

The synthesis of noncovalent hydrogen-bonded aggregates can often be accomplished simply by mixing the components in the correct molar ratio in an appropriate solvent (usually chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform). In some cases, one of the components (usually the cyanuric acids) may be poorly soluble in chloroform in these cases it may be useful to dissolve the components in a more polar solvent or solvent mixture (e.g. chloroform-methanol), then remove this solvent and redissolve the residue in chloroform. This procedure can overcome kinetic limitations to formation of aggregates associated with solubilities. 

The quantities of solvents in paints vary with desired characteristics (e.g., drying time desired) and application (building interiors, automotive surfaces, and architectural applications). Other solvents, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and terpenes, for example, are also formulated into paints. Virtually all solvent-based paints contain mixtures of lipophiles and hydrophiles. The exposures of painters to low levels of solvents (sufficiently low enough so that they do not experience acute symptoms at the time of exposure and below the TLVs for the individual solvent molecules) enables one to ascribe neurotoxicological reactions to low level mixture exposures. 

Properties White crystals. Mp 96-99C. Insoluble in water soluble in cool 5% alkaline solutions and in alcohols moderately soluble in oxygenated organic solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons and polyester monomers slightly soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons. 

In another process [14,15], the kier circulation is reduced by using emulsified solvent systems (Chapter 4). Emulsified solvent system consists of blends of emulsifier and solvents like chlorinated hydrocarbons, mineral oils etc., which stabilises... 

By the late 1970s evidence had accumulated on the potential hazards of certain extraction solvents, especially chlorinated hydrocarbons. Increased scrutiny of traditional industrial solvents is responsible for spawning another large body of R D programs on SCF processes. Increased consumer awareness of potential chemical hazards coupled with the uncertainty of future governmental regulatory action motivated an examination of supercritical fluids as extraction solvents for foods, beverages, and spices. 

Acylations have generally been carried out using aluminum chloride as catalyst, although on occasions no catalyst was required." Titanium tetrachloride proved superior to aluminum, tin(IV) and zinc chlorides in reactions of 4-substituted-l-trimethylsilylbuta-l,3-diynes and the derived (Z)-enynes." The most frequently used solvents are chlorinated hydrocarbons," - " in preference to carbon disulfide and nitrobenzene." ... 

Liquid, slight odor of garlic. hp10] 87 (commercial product, bp, 105"). dj1 1-250. njf 1.5698, Vapor press at 20" 3 X 10- mm Hg, Thermally stable up to 210" resistant to alkalies up to pH 9. Readily sol in methanol, ethanol, ether, acetone and many other organic solvents, esp chlorinated hydrocarbons. Practically insol in water (55 mg/l). LDW orally in male, female rats 215, 245 mg/kg, Gaines, Toxicol. Appl Pharmacol 2, 88 (I960). 

In another method, an intense reaction of diphenylsodium in non-polar organic solvent with chlorinated hydrocarbons is used. The amount of the NaCl released is determined by a photometric measurement after evaporating the organic solvent. The procedure is suitable for the determination of tetrachloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, chloroform, trichloroethane, he-xachlorocyclohexane, p-dichlorobenzene and some other chlorinated hydrocarbons [8, 9, 18, 20, 25]. 

Hydrocarbon solvents, especially chlorinated hydrocarbons, and chlorofluorocarbon propellants all enhance the sensitivity of the myocardium to catecholamine-induced dysrhythmias. 

Thiocins as a general rule are sparingly soluble in alkanes, but are soluble in most other organic solvents, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and benzenoids. Thiocanones are less soluble in the weakly polar solvents than are thiocins. 

The desired higher selectivity of the sulfonation reaction cannot be achieved by using sulfuric acid as a reaction medium but rather by dissolving the reactants, naphthalene and sulfur trioxide, in an organic solvent (chlorinated hydrocarbon, QIC) and reacting them at temperatures lower than those of the previous process [148]. 

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