Solvent method

Explicit solvent methods. Monte Carlo methods are somewhat more popular than molecular dynamics methods. 

Entiy Substituents Solvent Method Ratio 123a/123b Reference... 

Magnetic material (mean size, nm) Precursor/reagents Surfactant/reducing or precipitating agent Solvent Method T(°C)b> Time (h)c Ref. 

In the simpler version of this method, a double based powder of small size is made by conventional solvent methods and thoroughly dried. The required amount of this powder is then placed in a beaker of cellulose acetate or ethyl cellulose and the voids are all filled with desensitised nitroglycerine. The curing process consists of heating to temperatures of the order of 80°C for a prolonged period and on cooling, the mass becomes a gelatinous body similar to cordite or ballistite. 

Relative Free Energies of Solvation in Water, in kcal/mole, Obtained by Classical Discrete Molecular Solvent Methods... 

Relative Free Energies Of Solvation in Water, in kcal/mole," Obtained by a QM/MM Discrete Molecular Solvent Method, Using The AMI Solute Hamiltonian. The Estimated Error Bars for The Calculated Values Are 0.5 Kcal/Mole... 

Obtained by Classical Discrete Molecular Solvent Methods... 

The solvent process involves treating phthalonitrile with any one of a number of copper salts in the presence of a solvent at 120 to 220°C [10]. Copper(I)chloride is most important. The list of suitable solvents is headed by those with a boiling point above 180°C, such as trichlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, naphthalene, and kerosene. A metallic catalyst such as molybdenum oxide or ammonium molybdate may be added to enhance the yield, to shorten the reaction time, and to reduce the necessary temperature. Other suitable catalysts are carbonyl compounds of molybdenum, titanium, or iron. The process may be accelerated by adding ammonia, urea, or tertiary organic bases such as pyridine or quinoline. As a result of improved temperature maintenance and better reaction control, the solvent method affords yields of 95% and more, even on a commercial scale. There is a certain disadvantage to the fact that the solvent reaction requires considerably more time than dry methods. 

The solvent method may also be performed either by continuous (in cascades) or by batch operation. Continuous techniques in particular have gained considerable technical importance. A phthalonitrile/copper chloride solution is typically treated at 120 to 140°C in a flow tube furnace and the temperature subsequently increased to 180 to 250°C. The entire process requires approximately 1.5 to 2 hours and affords the pigment in practically quantitative yield. The excellent purity of the product eliminates the need for additional purification with dilute acid or base prior to finishing, a procedure which plays a major role in the baking process. These... 

Radical Solvent, method Rate expression (log k) (9 = 2.3RT kcal/mol) Rate constant, (Ms) 1 (at 20°C unless noted) Ref. 

There are three methods for synthesizing polymers melt state compounding, in situ polymerization and solvent methods [185-187,177]. 

Solvent methods are similar to in situ polymerizations. During the first stage, the nanomaterial is dispersed in a solvent. In some cases a surfactant can be used as a bridge between the nanomaterials and the matrix (Fig. 4.9). This reaction occurs in a liquid or gel form in the presence of a solvent such as toluene, chloroform, acetonitrile, water, acetone, etc. The solution of modified nanoparticles is then added to a polymeric solution under agitation (at room or elevated temperatures) in order to ensure a homogeneous dispersion of the nanomaterials in the matrix. Finally, the polymer composite... 

Samples were either prepared by direct addition of polymer to solvent (Method I) or by a careful method to reduce dust (Method II) In Method II, PBLG was added from a stock solution in distilled DMF via a 0 2ym filter (Millipore type FG) into preweighed cells that had been exhaustively rinsed with nearly dust-free water from a Millipore 4 stage purifier and dried Under vacuum, the samples were either concentrated or evaporated to dryness, depending respectively on whether a PBLG/DMF or PBLG/toluene sample was desired For... 

Plastic Material Introduced Strength Properties Acids Bases Agents Solvents Methods Applications ... 

We reported previously that the addition of H3PO4 (probably present as PO2.5 on the surface after the calcination) to (VO)2P207> which was prepared by an organic solvent method (5), enhanced the selectivity to MA at high conversion levels, while the activity decreased (20). Considering the low selectivity of the side faces, it is possible that the H3PO4 added preferentially deactivated the side faces to suppress the formation of CO and CO2 and/or the secondary oxidation of the product MA there. 

Determination of Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in water a low-solvent method (Ong and A., 1995)... 

As computers become more pervasive and increasingly powerful, specialized programs and databases are being developed to assist in a wide variety of research efforts. This is true in the search for solvent alternatives, and in this section we review the application of computers to solvent substitution studies and cover computer-aided molecular design of new solvents, methods developed for the prediction of physical properties, methods for predicting less precise chemical characteristics such as toxicity and carcinogenicity, and computer-aided design of alternative synthetic pathways. 

Proton acceptor Proton donor Minimum OH content Solvent Method Ref... 

Gun propellants are manufactured by three different methods (i) solvent method (ii) semi-solvent method and (iii) solventless method. The solvent method is that most commonly used for the manufacture of gun propellants. Selection of the method for manufacture basically depends on the properties of the raw materials and the propellant formulation. While there are limitations for the manufacture of gun propellants by solventless and semi-solvent methods, the solvent method may be applied for almost every gun propellant formulation. The solid-liquid ratio of the ingredients and the type of nitrocellulose used usually decide the feasibility of manufacture by the solventless method. Some characteristics of solid gun propellants are given in Table 4.1. 

Eds, Methods in Biotechnology vol 15. Enzymes in Nonaqueous solvents Methods, Protocols (Humana Press, Totowa, NJ), 2001, 307-317. 

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