Solvent Greenness

Anthraquinone Dyes. These dyes have much supeiioi weatheiabihty and heat stabihty compared with the azos, but at higher cost. Typical examples ate Solvent Red 111, Disperse Violet 1, Solvent Blue 56, and Solvent Green 3. 

Xanthene Dyes. This class is best represented by Rhodamine B. It has high fluorescent brilliance but poor light and heat stabihty it may be used in phenohcs. Sulfo Rhodamine is stable and is useflil in nylon-6,6. Other xanthenes used in acryhcs, polystyrene, and rigid poly(vinyl chloride) are Solvent Green 4, Acid Red 52, Basic Red 1, and Solvent Orange 63 (see Xanthene dyes). 

Capello, C., Fischer, U., Hungerbuhler, K. (2007) What is a Greeu Solveut A Comprehensive Framework for the Environmental Assessment of Solvents. Green Chemistry, 9(9), 927-934. 

Solvent-free processing, 24 170-171 Solvent-free protocol, ecofriendly advantages of, 76 585 Solvent Green 3, 5, 28... 

Not many green anthraquinone disperse dyes are available commercially. One example is Cl Disperse Green 6 1 (6.53), which has wider use as Cl Solvent Green 3 and is the precursor of Cl Acid Green 25 (6.27). 

Seddon, K. R. QUILL rewrites the future of industrial solvents. Green Chem., 1999, 1, G58-G59. 

Although many hydrocarbons exhibit fluorescence, often they are colourless and the fluorescence is only just into the blue, e.g. the linear terphenyl and quaterphenyl. Polycyclic ring systems such as terrylene and rubicene are used in analytical methods and OLEDs but a large number are ruled out of commercial use because of their potential to act as carcinogens. However, as mentioned in section 3.5.1.3, pery-lene is a useful fluorophore in a variety of outlets and pyrene is another polycyclic compound of interest. One derivative of pyrene (3.27) is a yellow-green fluorescent dye used in textile applications (Cl Solvent Green 7) and in analysis and sensors (see section 3.5.6.4). 

J. S. Wilkes, A short history of ionic liquids—from molten salts to neoteric solvents , Green Chemistry, 2002, 4, 73-80. 

In the discussions around E factor/mass intensity and solvent selection, we have considered metrics that begin to address Green Chemistry Principle 1 (prevention) and 5 (use safer solvents). Green Chemistry Principle 7 considers the use of renewable resources. 

Another solvent scoring method proposed by Slater and Savelski [1] used a single, customizable solvent index that accounted for twelve different environmental parameters. The parameters used for the Rowan Solvent Greenness Index Method are ... 

The solvent parameter and property values used in this method were estimated from several industrial and professional sociehes and government sources. The environmental index for each of the twelve parameters is calculated and normalized on a zero-to-one scale [1]. Depending on whether high or low values for the parameters prove to be greener , Equation 3.7 or Equation 3.8 is used, respectively. In Equations 3.7 and 3.8, x in and x ax are the minimum and maximum value of a specific parameter for all solvents contained within the Solvent Greenness Scoring Index database, Xj is the value of a parameter for solvent i, and Mj is the scaled value of metric M for solvent i [1]. 

In Equation 3.11, y is the OSI of solvent i, and y dn and Ymax are the minimum and maximum values of OSI, for all solvents in the database. The final weighted solvent greenness index score is then obtained by mulhplying the OSfo, by the mass of solvent i used. 

Weighted Solvent Greenness Indexsoive , = (OSho.soivau )(Mass.oivent) (3.12)... 

To obtain a process greenness index, all of the weighted solvent greenness indices are summed as shown in Equation 3.13. 

Total Process Greenness Index = Weighted Solvent Greenness IndeXsoivem (3.13)... 

To demonstrate the ability of the Solvent Greenness Scoring Index to measure the greenness of a process, consider a hypothetical waste stream which contains 25 kg of four different solvents methanol, DMF, THF, and DGM. First the metric... 

Table 3.8 Solvent greenness scoring index scores and GSK SSG comparison.

Solvent Environmental impact-Solvent Greenness Scoring Index Environmental impact-CSK SSG... 

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