Principles green chemistry

Green chemistry, principles of Green chemistry, application to cellulose... 

Winterton, N. (2001) Twelve More Green Chemistry Principles. Green Chemistry, 3, G73-G75. 

Andraos, J. Izhakova, J. (2006) Perspectives on the Application of Green Chemistry Principles to Total Synthesis Design. Chimica Oggi/The International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 24(6, Suppl.), 31-36. 

Yield and other mass-related metrics such as atom economy, reaction mass efficiency and mass intensity have been examined by Constable et al with regard to their significance concerning greenness and costs. The importance of using a (product) concentration term, which can be mass intensity or mass index, is additionally emphasized by Laird et al This is in compliance with Winterton, who in his twelve more green chemistry principles demands the establishment of full mass balances. 

At present, titanium dioxide meets green chemistry principles, including energy efficiency and renewable feedstocks through a wide variety of heterogeneous photo-... 

This reaction is environmental friendly since it produces no salt, provides a 100% atom efficiency, and can be performed in water to fulfill some green chemistry principles. In this review, we wish to focus on the telomerization of mono and polysaccharides. As an introduction, recent results achieved with several polyols will be summarized. 

Julie A. Haack is a senior instructor and assistant department head for chemistry at the University of Oregon, where her work has focused on the incorporation of green chemistry principles into the introductory chemistry curriculum for both science and nonscience majors. She is a leader in facilitating the identification, development, and dissemination of green chemistry educational materials throughout the chemistry curriculum. 

The Draths-Frost method for making adipic acid illustrates a common goal in much green chemistry research, the ability to include more than one green chemistry principle at a time in new processes. Not only did Draths and Frost find a way of substituting a safer feedstock in their reaction, but they also found a safer catalyst, the simple bacterium Escherichia coli. The use of the bacterium eliminated the necessity of using hazardous metals as catalysts in the traditional reaction. 

Matsudo s team uses the bacterium Bacillus megaterium in supercritical carbon dioxide at temperatures of about 100°F (40°G) and 100 atmospheres of pressure to bring about carboxylation. The process illustrates yet one more way of using more than one green chemistry principle in a process the use of a safer catalyst as well as a safer solvent. (The role of supercriticial carbon dioxide as a solvent will be discussed in the next section.)... 

In the discussions around E factor/mass intensity and solvent selection, we have considered metrics that begin to address Green Chemistry Principle 1 (prevention) and 5 (use safer solvents). Green Chemistry Principle 7 considers the use of renewable resources. 

Measurements of the chemistry and process efficiency are attempts to address Green Chemistry Principles 2 (atom economy) and 8 (reduce derivatives). Atom economy is one of the most widely known measures of chemistry efficiency [43-45] and is calculated from... 

By measuring the toxicity of all substances used in a given chemical synthesis, we are able to address Green Chemistry Principles 3 (less hazardous chemical synthesis) and 4 (designing safer chemicals). 

There is some way to go before all toxicity data of all commonly used materials will have been determined and made readily available, but the pharmaceutical industry does already measure the toxicity data of its APIs. Linked to toxicity are the impacts associated with degradation of chemicals (Green Chemistry Principle... 

Comparison of Semi-Synthetic versus PCF Taxol Green Chemistry Principles... 

A comparison of the semi-synthetic process with the PCF process can be made, applying the twelve Green Chemistry Principles as outlined by Anastas and Warner [17]. 

Winterton, N. 2001. Twelve more green chemistry principles. Green Chem. 3 G73-G75. 

Nondepleting resources are better than depleting resources. Green chemistry principle seven is, Use of renewable feedstocks (Anastas and Warner, 1998). As a practical matter, for a resource to be considered renewable, it must not only be capable of being replaced or restored, but also such replacement must occur within one human generation. Renewal on this timescale keeps the costs of depletion from being externalized to future generations. 

The welfare of the people who work with chemical products and processes is at least as important as the welfare of the environment. Green chemistry is anthropocentric (as is sustainable development). Several green chemistry principles reflect this anthropocentrism. Principles 3 (less-hazardous chemical synthesis), 4 (design of safer chemicals), 5 (safer solvents and auxiliaries), and 12 (inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention) express concern for the health of the people who handle materials or attend to processes (Anastas and Warner, 1998). While many of these safety benefits also accrue to nonhuman organisms, the focus of the principles is on the people who are exposed to these materials and methods. Inasmuch as we cannot know all of the environmental needs of nonhuman things, it is hard to imagine how the focus could be on anything else. 

The green chemistry principles can be precisely applied to a greener and far less harmful utilization of fertilizers. In this perspective, green chemistry procedures are involved in the synthesis of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers, most of them being based on the use of urea, in such forms that impede too fast a degradation and elimination of nitrogen. 

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