Neoteric solvent

Ionic liquids are now widely recognized as an important component of green chemistry. This chapter, after exploring the field of green chemistry, explains some of the unique features of these neoteric solvents, and suggests that they should be part of the arsenal of solvents used by all synthetic chemists. 

Seddon, K. R., Room-temperature ionic liquids—neoteric solvents for clean catalysis, Kinet. Catal., 1996, 37(5), 693-697 Seddon, K. R. Room-temperature ionic liquids— neoteric solvents for clean catalysis, Kinet. Katal, 1996, 37(5), 743-748. 

J. S. Wilkes, A short history of ionic liquids—from molten salts to neoteric solvents , Green Chemistry, 2002, 4, 73-80. 

K. R. Seddon, in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Neoteric Solvents for Clean Catalysis , www http //www.ch.qub.ac.uk/resources/ionic/review/review.html (22.05.1997). 

Neoteric Solvents as the Basis of Alternative Approaches to the Separation of Actinides and Fission Products... 

The subject of alternative reaction media (neoteric solvents) also touches on another issue which is very relevant in the context of this book recovery and reuse of the catalyst. This is desirable from both an environmental and an economic viewpoint (many of the catalysts used in fine chemicals manufacture contain highly expensive noble metals and/or (chiral) ligands. 

Molten salts at room temperature, so-called ionic liquids [1, 2], attracting the attention of many researchers because of their excellent properties, such as high ion content, liquid-state over a wide temperature range, low viscosity, nonvolatility, nonflammability, and high ionic conductivity. The current literature on these unique salts can be divided into two areas of research neoteric solvents as environmentally benign reaction media [3-7], and electrolyte solutions for electrochemical applications, for example, in the lithium-ion battery [8-12], fuel cell [13-15], solar cell [16-18], and capacitor [19-21],... 

Several thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors of enzyme-catalyzed reactions performed in ILs, with respect to enzymatic reactions carried out in conventional solvents, could lead to an improvement in the process performance [34—37]. ILs showed an over-stabilization effect on biocatalysts [38] on the basis of the double role played by these neoteric solvents ILs could provide an adequate microenvironment for the catalytic action of the enzyme (mass transfer phenomena and active catalytic conformation) and if they act as a solvent, ILs may be regarded as liquid immobilization supports, since multipoint enzyme-1L interactions (hydrogen. Van der Waals, ionic, etc.) may occur, resulting in a flexible supramolecular not able to maintain the active protein conformation [39]. Their polar and non-coordinating properties hold considerable potential for enantioselective reactions since profound effects on reactivities and selectivities are expected [40]. In recent years attention has been focused on the appUcation of ILs as reaction media for enantioselective processes [41—43]. 

The outlook of syntheses, based on using SC-CO2 or appropriate IL/SC-CO2 biphasic system for developing integral green chemical processes due to the physical and chemical characterishcs of these neoteric solvents and the enhanced enzyme catalytic properties seems promising. 

For the use of sc-fluids as reaction media in synthesis, see reviews [211-217, 224, 225, 228-230] and Section 5.5.13, which describes applications of some neoteric solvents such as ionic liquids, perfluorohydrocarbons, and sc-fluids in organic synthesis and catalysis. 

Reactions in Biphasic Solvent Systems and in Neoteric Solvents... 

In addition to fluorous solvents and ionie liquids, supercritical fluids sc-fluids, scf s), sueh as supercritical carbon dioxide (se-C02), constitute a third class of neoteric solvents that can be used as reaction media. Although sc-fluids have been known for a long time and have been advantageously used as eluants in extraction and chromatography processes (see Sections A.6 and A.7 in the Appendix), their application as reaction media for chemical processes has become more popular only during the last decade. Some of their physical properties and the supercritical conditions necessary for their existence have already been described in Section 3.2 (see Figure 3-2 and Table 3-4) see also references [209, 211-220, 224-230] to Chapter 3 for reviews on sc-fluids and their applications (particularly for SC-CO2 and SC-H2O). 

However, a more qualitative LCA approach has been used by Clark and Tavener to assess the neoteric solvents described in this book (Figure 1.4). The solvent must first be manufactured, usually from petroleum. This is relatively straightforward for simple and aromatic hydrocarbons that are obtained... 

Jessop, P.G. Stanley, R.R. Brown, R.A. Eckert, C.A. Liotta, C.L. Ngo, T.T. Pollet, P. Neoteric solvents for asymmetric hydrogenation supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, and expanded ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2003, 5 (2), 123-128. 

It is hoped that successful commercialization of technologies utilizing these neoteric solvents will be a key driver for their continued development and integration into the chemical industry. Large-scale industrial manufacture of the ILs themselves is clearly a necessary precursor for this process. We also believe that due to the extensive variety in ILs formation and applications, they will play an important role in future environmentally friendly science and technology. 

Wilkes JS (2002) A short history of ionic liquids - from molten stilts to neoteric solvents. Green Chem 4 73—80... 

The history of ionic liquids dates back to more than 100 years where its root is seeded on high-temperature molten salts [2]. But industrial chemists or in general synthetic organic chemists wimessed a renaissance of molten salt chemistry with the development of a class of coulombic fluid, i.e., ionic liquids (ILs), as a promising neoteric solvent. Prof. Jerry Atwood first pointed out the early ionic liquid,... 

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