Solution analyses

Solutions, analysis by x-ray emission spectrography, 191-199 error caused by evaporation, 191, 277 Solvent, evaporation in x-ray emission spectrography, 191... 

Hoffmann E, Ludke C, Scholze H (1997) Is laser ablation-lCP-MS an alternative to solution analysis of solid samples Fresenius J Anal Chem 359 394-398. 

Fixed pathlength transmission flow-cells for aqueous solution analysis are easily clogged. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) provides an alternative method for aqueous solution analysis that avoids this problem. Sabo et al. [493] have reported the first application of an ATR flow-cell for both NPLC and RPLC-FUR. In micro-ATR-IR spectroscopy coupled to HPLC, the trapped effluent of the HPLC separation is added dropwise to the ATR crystal, where the chromatographic solvent is evaporated and the sample is enriched relative to the solution [494], Detection limits are not optimal. The ATR flow-cell is clearly inferior to other interfaces. 

Markedly lower precision than for solution analysis... 

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is now such an important technique in archaeology, as elsewhere, that we devote a whole chapter to it. There are now a number of different ICP MS modes of operation (solution analysis, laser ablation, multicollector, high resolution) this chapter provides a general overview. Further description of the instrumentation for ICP MS may be found in Harris (1997) and Montaser (1998). Some general applications of solution ICP MS are discussed by Date and Gray (1989), Platzner (1997), and Kennett et al. (2001). 

As described in Section 13.3, using an instrument for a long period can result in variation in instrument calibration, or drift. This can be detected in solution analysis by the addition of a known amount of an internal standard to the sample solutions. This is impossible, however, for LA-ICP-MS analysis of a solid sample. One method of minimizing this is to simultaneously measure a... 

Xylan xanthate can be made by the action of carbon disulfide on xylan in sodium hydroxide solution. Analysis of the products indicates substitution below the diester stage, but the reaction appears similar to that occurring with cellulose.119 120 However, neither Heuser and Schorsch119 nor Dorr121 find that xylan gives a viscose-like solution. 

The EDX spectrum (Fig. 11.8) shows the main surface scale impurity peaks of silica, aluminium, sodium, chloride and iron. If this EDX is compared to that of a new, clean membrane surface (Fig. 11.9), the clean surface shows sulphur, carbon and oxygen, which is typical of a porous polysulphone support. It was concluded that the scale is amorphous, composed of aluminosilicate and silicate. These compounds are normally found in trace amounts in brine solutions. Analysis showed that the surface could be cleaned with hydrochloric acid and analysis of the dissolved scale was similar to the EDX spectrum analysis. Review of the plant operation determined that the precipitation was the result of high pH in combination with high silica concentrations in the brine. 

The kinetic trace due to (c) at different CO pressures shows its lifetime is dependent on the pressure of CO above the solution. Analysis of the kinetic trace data of this intermediate under constant CO pressure shows that its decay follows first-order kinetics and allows calculation of the bimolecular rate constant for its reaction with CO ... 

The DCL was created under standard disulfide exchange conditions at pH 7.5. After equilibration for 48 hours, each of the expected 15 disulfide products could be observed in the library using LC-MS analysis (Fig. 2.11). The library was then equilibrated in the presence of CaM, followed by a centrifugation filtration step to separate protein/bound components from free components in solution. Analysis of the filtrate was complicated by the filtration membrane affecting the composition of the library. The bound components, however, provided meaningful results. Denaturation and filtration afforded a mixture of all peptides that had bound to CaM in the course of the DCL. HPLC analysis indicated significant amplification of dimer cc (80%) and a small amplification of dimer ec (10%). Resynthesis of these two components and binding assay established values of 10 and... 

Membrane morphology is studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) thereby providing an Insight into the relationship between asymmetric membrane preparation, structure, and performance (29,3A). The extent of ion exchange of the salt form of the SPSF membranes is studied with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), neutron activation analysis (NAA), and ESCA. AAS is used for solution analysis, NAA for the bulk membrane analysis, and ESCA for the surface analysis. 

Figure 12 shows the size analyses from one run. Crystal content and solution analysis measurements were In good agreement. The size shown In Figure 12 Is the volume equivalent size, which Is acceptable for crystal growth where the crystals retain the same elongated shape as they grow. However when needle-1Ike crystals dissolve, there Is no longer preferable transfer on particular faces, so the shape changes. If allowance Is not made for this. Incorrect dissolution rates will result. Thus for purposes of...

Fig. 11.5 Dependence of time required to reach 50% of steady terminal velocity (1% = 0.5) on aspect ratio for rigid spheroids. Solid lines give ratio of t for spheroids to that for a sphere of the same equatorial diameter. Broken lines give the ratio of t from Eq. (11-20) neglecting history terms to the value from the complete solution. Analysis is for creeping flow.

Solimani, R., Quercetin and DNA in solution analysis of the dynamics of their interaction with a linear dichroism study, Int. J. Biol Macromol, 18, 287, 1996. 

CaTi03 - solution analysis, surface analysis and electron microscope studies - implications for Synroc. In Lutze, W. Ewing, R. C. (eds) Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XII. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 127, 231-240. 

Samples were collected in midget bubblers containing dilute sodium carbonate solutions. Analysis of formate ion in these solutions was performed using a 500 mm anion separator column and sodium borate eluent. Analysis of formate in these solutions was also performed using the ion chromatography exclusion mode (ICE) using the Dionex IE-C-1 column with dilute hydrochloric acid eluent. 

Three different calibration strategies for solution based calibration in LA-ICP-MS have been developed in our laboratory. These are similar to the solution calibration in solution analysis by ICP-MS external calibration if a high purity matrix-matched blank target is available,29,71 the standard addition technique (e.g., for high purity platinum)76 or the isotope dilution technique.43... 

The myofibrillar proteins make up 50-60% of the total protein of muscle cells. Insoluble at low ionic strengths, these proteins dissolve when the ionic strength exceeds -0.3 and can be extracted with salt solutions. Analysis of isolated mammalian myofibrils86 shows that nine proteins account for 96% or more of the protein myosin, which constitutes the bulk of the thick filaments, accounts for 43% and actin, the principal component of the thin filaments, 22%. 

The quantitation of substances separated by TLC may be carried out in several ways. The most common method is to remove the spot from the plate, elute the compound from the adsorbent and measure the concentration of the compound in solution by spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, etc. The elution process has been significantly improved and facilitated with the Eluchrom instrument developed by Sandoz and marketed by Camag (see Fig.3.6). This instrument permits direct elution from the plates via small PTFE cups in a continuous flow-through mode without the necessity of removal of the adsorbent and with the minimum requirement of solvent (usually less than 1 ml). The measuring instruments used are those available for classical solution analysis. A discussion of these instruments is beyond the scope of this book. 

The insecticide aminocarb has also been used extensively in eastern Canada on budworm control operations. Fenitrothion has been applied as a water emulsion (New Brunswick) and an oil solution (Quebec), but aminocarb because of its formulation characteristics, has been only applied operationally as an oil solution. Analysis of spruce foliage (7) showed aminocarb had a half life of 5 to 6 days with complete disappearance by 64 days post spray. Subsequent work (8) confirmed the short half life of aminocarb on coniferous foliage (3.2 to 6.9 days), and showed that the half life was dependant on the initial concentration of the insecticide. The material was found to be highly labile and dissipated rapidly and the authors made the statement that with these characteristics... 

The presence of certain neutral salts increases the acidity of boric acid as determined potentiometrically (187, 358, 375, 391, 422), and the effect has been attributed to the hydration energies of ions (375, 391, 422). In 3 M KBr solutions containing up to 0.4 M boron, HsBOs, B(OH)4, B303(OH)r, and B405(OH)4 were consistent with experimental results, but in the presence of NaC104, NaBr, or LiBr, the inclusion of B303(0H) improved the solution analysis (187). 

Hossain, M.M. and Dean, J. (2008) Extraction of penicillin G from aqueous solutions Analysis of reaction equilibrium and mass transfer. Separation and Purification Technology, 62, 437. 

Fig. 11. Results of ethanol concentration solutions analysis by HPLC compared to proposed integrated biosensor-FIA system.

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