Fuji process

Coioured metal compounds may also be introduced into the film by a.c. treatment in a suitable electrolyte [Fuji process, UK Pal. I 022 927 (26.2.63)]. 

A full-scale pyrolysis-catalytic process in which the catalytic cracking zone is directly connected to the pyrolysis zone was developed in Japan (Fuji Process) [19]. In this process, after separation of PVC and impurities by wet techniques, waste plastics are thermally pretreated at 300°C for dechlorination and then introduced into the pyrolysis reactor and thermally cracked at 400°C. Subsequently, degradation products are fed directly to the fixed-bed reactor using a ZSM-5 catalyst. 

A series of industry-scale processes for recovery of liquid fuel from waste plastics have been developed and applied in countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany and England. Some of the processes, such as the Veba process, the BP process, the Fuji process and the Hunan University process have been applied widely and successfully in industry. Some typical pyrolysis processes are listed in Table 28.6. 

The BASF process [39] has some resemblance to the Fuji process it is also a two-step process, and a PVC content lower than 5% is required in the feedstocks. The waste plastics are melted at 250-380°C and volume reduction and better uniformity are achieved. In this process, relatively cheap alkaline solid snbstances snch as calcium oxide, sodium carbonate or other alkalis in solution are used to remove HCl by absorption. Depending on the different plastics processed, oil product yields ranging from 20 to 70% can be achieved. This process is suitable for the treatment of mixed plastics containing heteroatom contaminants. 

In the Fuji process, molecular sieve catalyst is used for catalytic reforming, and the results are shown in Table 28.10. 

Table 28.10 Components and yield of products by the Fuji process [37]...

Contrary to the Fuji process, BASF described the characterization and cloning of an L-specific pantolactone hydrolase from Agrobacterium tumefa-ciens [103,104]. This enzyme exclusively opens up the undesired lactone l-1 12, providing a more direct route to d-1 12 (Scheme 35, right side). In addition, this new process is expected to be much more robust toward the competing spontaneous chemical hydrolysis, which could theoretically cause a diminished optical yield in the Fuji process. The enzymatic resolution of d/l-112 in repeated batches with membrane filtration techniques provided d-1 12 in 50% yield and with 90-95% ee. By immobilization onto Eupergit C it was possible to obtain a stable biocatalyst which was easy to use in repeated batch reactions. 

Fully automatic processing was introduced in 1972 with the SX-70 camera, which ejected each integral picture unit automatically, passing it between motorized processing rollers and out of the camera immediately after exposure (12,13). Kodak instant cameras, introduced in 1976 and now discontinued, included both motorized and hand-cranked models. Fuji instant cameras for integral films are motorized. 

Fuji Peel-Apart Film FP-100. In 1984 Fuji introduced FP-lOO, a peel-apart instant color film rated at ISO 100. The FP-lOO system uses a dye-release process similar to that used in the Fuji integral films. Figure 16b is a schematic cross section of FP-100, and Figure 11b (on the colored plate) is a micrograph of the unprocessed film in cross section. The negative stmcture includes a spacer layer between the red-sensitive layer and the cyan dye-releaser layer that it controls, similar to that shown in the FI-800 stmcture, but there are no spacers between the other emulsions and corresponding dye-releaser layers. 

The most significant development in Japan is the entry of photographic film companies (Fuji and Konishuroku) into the manufacture of magnetic media. They are having a large impact because the heart of the manufacturing process... 

T. Shimomura, Y. Me, H. Takahashi, K. Kajikawa, J. Saga, T. Fuji-wara, and T. Hatsuda. Process for production of acrylate and acrylate-containing polymer. Patent EP 372706,1990. 

D-Pantolactone and L-pantolactone are used as chiral intermediates in chemical synthesis, whereas pantoic acid is used as a vitamin B2 complex. All can be obtained from racemic mixtures by consecutive enzymatic hydrolysis and extraction. Subsequently, the desired hydrolysed enantiomer is lactonized, extracted and crystallized (Figure 4.6). The nondesired enantiomer is reracemized and recycled into the plug-flow reactor [33,34]. Herewith, a conversion of 90-95% is reached, meaning that the resolution of racemic mixtures is an alternative to a possible chiral synthesis. The applied y-lactonase from Fusarium oxysporum in the form of resting whole cells immobilized in calcium alginate beads retains more than 90% of its initial activity even after 180 days of continuous use. The biotransformation yielding D-pantolactone in a fixed-bed reactor skips several steps here that are necessary in the chemical resolution. Hence, the illustrated process carried out by Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd is an elegant way for resolution of racemic mixtures. 

Figure 13.3 A schematic diagram of agitation fluidized bed granulator (NQ-i60, Fuji Paudal). i Agitation fluidized bed. 2 Bag filter. 3 Spray nozzle. 4 Blower. 5 Heater. 6 Motor. 7 Agitator blade. 8 Slit plate. 9 Image probe. 10 Image processing system. II Host computer. 12 Controller. 13 Pump. 14 Binder. Reprinted from Watano et al. (2001) with permission from Elsevier Science.

Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, 2-methylbutyl acetate and hexyl acetate contribute most to the characteristic aroma of Fuji apples [49]. In Red Delicious apples, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, propyl 2-methylbutanoate and hexyl acetate contribute to the characteristic aroma as determined by Charm-Analysis and/or AEDA [50, 51]. In a comparative study of 40 apple cultivars, the highest odour potency or Charm value was found for -damascenone [52]. This compound usually occurs in a glycosidically bound form and is present primarily in processed products owing to hydrolysis of the glycoside bond after crushing fruit cells [53]. -Damascenone has a very low odour threshold with a sweet, fruity, perfumery odour and is not typical of apple aroma in gen-... 

Fuji and co-workers have demonstrated the use of a PPY derivative that utilizes remote stereochemistry and an interesting induced fit process to control selectivity [21]. Upon acylation of catalyst 20, a conformational change occurs, stabilizing the intermediate N-acyliminium ion 21 (Fig. 2a,b). Chemical shifts in the XH NMR and nOes observed support a Jt-Jt interaction between the electron-rich naphthyl ring and the electron-deficient pyridinium ring. This blocks the top face of the catalyst and directs attack of the alcohol from the bottom face. Catalyst 20 effects resolutions of diol-monoesters and amino alcohol derivatives such as 22 and 23 with moderate to good selectivity factors (fcrei=4.7-21, see Fig. 2c) [22]. 

Almost any film can be used for reversal processing. Even so, some films work better than others and some work better in one process and not another. According to David Wood of, dr5 Chrome Lab which provides black and white reversal processing, Kodak Tri-X, 35 mm, 120, and 4X5 inch all work well with his proprietary process. At the same time, 35 mm Kodak Plus-X works very well, but 120 Plus-X does not work as well. All three of the Efke traditional emulsions, 25, 50, and 100, give excellent results, as do Ilford FP4 +, HP5 +, and Delta 100. While a very few films, such as Fuji Acros 100, don t work at all. If you decide to try your hand at reversal processing, you should test several emulsions to determine what works best for you. 

Each film will have its own ideal El range when processed as a positive. Some films such as Kodak Tri-X TXP, T-Max 400 and P3200, Fuji Neopan 400, Ilford Delta 400, and Pan F require a lower El. Others, such as Kodak T-Max 100, Ilford Delta 100, SFX and FP4 +, Efke 25, 50, 100 and 820c, Rollei IR 400, andATP all work well at their published ISO. 

In the nineties a process for the kinetic resolution of pantolactone by enantio-selective hydrolysis was developed by Yamada and coworkers with Fuji Chemical Industries, Japan (now Daiichi Fine Chemical) using the fungus Fusarium oxy-sporum AKU3702 [13]. Like most of the Fusarium strains and strains of the related species Gibberella, Cylindrocarpon, Penicillium, and Aspergillus, Fusarium oxysporum... 

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