Incombustible residue

The fuel value of most solid wastes is usually sufficient to enable self-supporting combustion, leaving only the incombustible residue and redlicing the volume of waste eventually consigned to sanitaiy landfills to only 10 to 15 percent of the original volume. The heat released by the combustion of waste can be recovered and utilized, although the cost of the recoveiy equipment or the distance to a suitable point of use for the heat may make its recoveiy economically infeasible. 

Commonly also known as cinder or slag. Clinker is the mass of fused ash that results after the incombustible residual material from combustion cools down from a molten state. 

The basis of the UDD samples was determined to be carbon, no less than 85 wt%. Major impurity elements were oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen microimpurities— mainly elemental metals (Ca, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ti, Fe, Na, K, Ba, Al, Mg, B, Mn, Si, S, Cl)— were in total from 0.2% (type 2 pure UDD) up to 2% (standard UDD). The concentration of each impurity element and especially microimpurities varied depending on the particular features of synthesis and the purification technique. Thus, additional purification of UDD with cation-exchange resins included the separation of the aqueous suspension of the nanopowder into two fractions upper, nonprecipitating and lower, residue. In the upper fraction the content of incombustible residue was 20-50% smaller than in the lower fraction. 

Besides, the RFNC-VNIITF produces I- to 2-kg test batches of diamond powders of increased purity (incombustible residue, 0.2%). 

Mass fraction of incombustible residue, %, no less than 1.0-1.5... 

In a pulverised fuel operation the fuel and residues remain in the high temperature region for only 1 to 2 seconds. The majority of the ash (at least 80%) passes through the flue gas system for removal in precipitators. The remainder of the ash goes out of the bottom of the pulverised fuel boiler. Evolution of organic volatile compounds into the gas stream is minimised due to the short residence time of the fuel and incombustibles. 

Decomposition The chemical bonds of the polymer are progressively broken and decomposition products are formed (residual char, various liquids, smoke, incombustible and combustible gases). 

The improvement in thermal stability of the nanocomposites compared to the neat EVA/natural rubber is due to the barrier effect and insulating properties of organoclay. The well dispersed plate-like silicate layers form a tortuous path in the polymer matrix which gives a barrier effect and inhibits the diffusion of volatile degradation product from the inside of the polymer matrix. Moreover the well-dispersed silicate layers restrict the movement of polymeric chains, hence reducing the free volume for diffusion of volatile degradation products. Other researchers also confirm that organoclay tends to form a compact char-like residue on the surface of the nanocomposites when it is burnt. This char-like structure is incombustible and acts as an insulator which inhibits heat transfer to the inside of the nanocomposites. At 8 phr... 

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