Solid lithium ion batteries

Solid lithium-ion batteries are currently mainly manufactured in micro or mini capacity since they are mainly used for microelectronics. Large-capacity solid lithium-ion batteries are not yet in production, and they will not be discussed here. The positive electrode, electrolyte, and negative electrode for microelectronics should be prepared in multilayers. The manufacturing process for micro-lithium-ion batteries includes the preparation of the positive electrode film, the electrolyte film, and the negative electrode film. 

As discussed in Chapter 11, most solid inorganic electrolytes exhibit relatively low ionic conductivity, which can still satisfy the demands of microlithium-ion batteries, since the electrolyte film thickness is very thin. This is not the case with large-capacity solid lithium-ion batteries, which need high-ionic-conductivity electrolytes. 

Micro-solid lithium-ion batteries are constructed by assembly of the films described in Sections 14.3.1-14.3.3. Several assembly processes are known, but the process used at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is shown in Figure 14.12. The interesting concept of a three-dimensional (3D) micro-lithium-ion battery has been proposed. The main bottlenecks are how to improve the electrochemical performance of the positive electrode and the introduction of solid electrolytes. 

Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), electrolyte additive, lithium ion battery, Li metal, graphite, lithium alloy. 

Yang J., Winter M., Besenhard JO. Small particle size multiphase Li-alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Solid State Ionics 1996 90 281-87. 

Holze, R. and Wu, Y. P., Novel composite anode materials for lithium ion batteries with low sensitivity towards humidity, J. Solid State Electrochem. (2003) 8 66-72. 

Attia, A. Zukalova, M. Rathousky, J. Zukal, A. Kavan, L. 2005. Mesoporous electrode material from alumina-stabilized anatase Ti02 for lithium ion batteries. J. Solid State Electrochem. 9 138-145. 

Lithium iodide pacemaker batteries use lithum iodide as the electrolyte, separating the lithium anode and the iodine anode. The function of the electrolyte is to transport ions but not electrons. Lithium iodide achieves this by the transport of Li+ ions from the anode to the cathode. This transport is made possible by the presence of Li vacancies that are generated by the intrinsic Schottky defect population present in the solid. Lithium ions jump from vacancy to vacancy during battery operation. 

At this time the only commercially available all-solid-state cell is the lithium battery containing Lil as the electrolyte. Many types of solid lithium ion conductors including inorganic crystalline and glassy materials as well as polymer electrolytes have been proposed as separators in lithium batteries. These are described in the previous chapters. A suitable solid electrolyte for lithium batteries should have the properties... 

Instead it is a known as a lithium ion battery since it is free from lithium metal and hence free from the safety and stability problems of lithium cells. The commercialisation of this cell by Sony represents one of the most important breakthroughs in battery technology for many years and is a major success for solid state electrochemistry. 

These types of separators consist of a solid matrix and a liquid phase, which is retained in the microporous structure by capillary forces. To be effective for batteries, the liquid in the microporous separator, which generally contains an organic phase, must be insoluble in the electrolyte, chemically stable, and still provide adequate ionic conductivity. Several types of polymers, such as polypropylene, polysulfone, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), and cellulose acetate, have been used for porous substrates for supported-liquid membranes. The PVdF coated polyolefin-based microporous membranes used in gel—polymer lithium-ion battery fall into this category. Gel polymer... 

The solid polymer electrolyte approach provides enhanced safety, but the poor ambient temperature conductivity excludes their use for battery applications. which require good ambient temperature performance. In contrast, the liquid lithium-ion technology provides better performance over a wider temperature range, but electrolyte leakage remains a constant risk. Midway between the solid polymer electrolyte and the liquid electrolyte is the hybrid polymer electrolyte concept leading to the so-called gel polymer lithium-ion batteries. Gel electrolyte is a two-component system, viz., a polymer matrix... 

Carbonized sugar derivatives are used as solid acid catalysts for the production of biodiesel fuel,349 and carbonized sucrose treated with ethylene and then pyro-lyzed provides materials used as hard-carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries.439... 

The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) has been first proposed by Weppner and Huggins in 1977 [22], This method is of particular interest for the measurement of ion transport properties in solid intercalation electrodes, used in lithium-ion batteries, for instance [18]. The determination of the diffusion constants relies on Fick s law. The GITT method records the transient potential response of a system to a perturbation signal a current step (/s) is applied for a set time xs, and the change of the potential (E) versus time (0 is recorded (Figure 1.11) [18,22],... 

Usually, in a given electrolyte solution, there is a similarity in the mechanism of SEI formation on carbon and metallic lithium.285 353 354 The mechanisms of SEI formation on lithium in numerous electrolytes are investigated since about three decades. In about the last 15 years, the focus continuously shifted from metallic lithium to carbon. There are a huge number of publications covering manifold aspects of the carbon s reactivity with the electrolytes and/or the SEI formation. The reader of this chapter is referred to the books published in this field recently and especially to the primary literature listed therein. Examples include Nonaqueous Electrochemistry from 1999 edited by Aurbach,355 Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries from 2002 edited by van Schalkwijk and Scrosati,356 and Lithium-Ion Batteries Solid-Electrolyte Interphase from 2004 edited by Balbuena and Wang.281... 

P. B. Balbuena and Y. Wang, Lithium-Ion Batteries Solid-Electrolyte Interphase, Imperial College... 

Wen Z, Huang S, Yang X, Lin B. High rate electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. Solid State Ionics 2008 179 1800-1805. 

Holzapfel M, Buqa H, Krumeich F, Novak P, Petrat FM, Veit C. Chemical vapor deposited silicon/ graphite compound materials as negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 2005 8 A516-A520. 

Xing W, Wilson AM, Zank G, Dahn JR. Pyrolysed pitch-polysilane blends for use as anode materials in lithium ion batteries. Solid State Ionics 1997 93 239-244. 

---