Soils land reclamation

Better understanding of these mechanisms and those that regulate transfer to the plant is needed so that they can be exploited in land reclamation and soil... 

Dent D. 1986. Acid Sulphate Soils A Baseline for Research and Development. Wagenin-gen International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement. 

Bronswijk, J. J, B. and J. E. Groenenberg 1993. SMASS A simulation model for acid sulfate soils. I. Basic principles. In D. Dent and M. E. F. van Mensvoort, Eds. Selected Paper, Saigon Symposium on Acid Sulfate Soils, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, March 2-6 1992. ILRI Publication 52. Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 

Sewage treatment and many on-site facilities produce biosolids (sewage sludge). These may be used as a soil conditioner in agriculture or for other purposes, such as land reclamation. Biosolids that are not used for these purposes are disposed of in various ways, including by landfill. In some circumstances, the disposal of biosolids may give rise to leaching, particularly of nitrates. Where biosolids are heavily contaminated with industrial waste, such as heavy metals, these contaminants may also need to be considered. 

The waste residuals are easily dewatered and in some cases may be reclaimed for other uses, including soil conditioning and land reclamation. Research is under way to determine the feasibihty of reusing filter medium as body feed (7-10). 

Musgrove, S. (1991). An assessment of the efficiency of remedial treatment for metal polluted soil. In Land Reclamation An End to Dereliction, ed. Davies, M. C. R., Proc International proc. international Conference on Land Reclamation, University of Wales, Apr. 1991, Elsevier Science, Barking, Essex, England, 248-255. 

C. C. Ferguson and J. Marsh, Assessing the Human Health Risks from Ingestion of Contaminated Soil, Land Contam. Reclam., 1993, 1, 177-185. 

GaliulinR. V., Bashkin V. N.,GaliulinaR. A. andBirchP., 2001c. The theoretical basis of microbiological transformation and degradation of pesticides in soil. Land Contamination Reclamation, 9(4) 367-376. 

For a reclamation project the development cycle is shown in Figure 2.3. At an early stage the use (or function) of the land reclamation is defined which is then reflected in functional requirements for the fill mass. This forms the basis for the design and the specifications which finally leads to the construction of the project. This is the main stream. The transformation of the functional requirements into a technical design is directed by the boundary conditions and the construction method. These boundary conditions are estabhshed by project data such as soil and environmental conditions. 

Liquefaction studies in the framework of land reclamation are required to decide whether or not ground improvement will be necessary and, if so, to which minimum level. In general, this will be improvement of the fill material, but sometimes (static) liquefaction of the natural underlying soil also needs to be prevented. 

As stated before, despite some of their properties being outside the range of more common soils, carbonate sands can satisfactorily be used as a bulk fill provided that the design takes these deviating parameters into account. Ample experience, in particular in the Middle East, confirms that land reclamation with carbonate sand may result in a fill mass with appropriate mechanical properties. 

Because of their unpredictable composition and mechanical properties, glacial soils are difficult to use as construction material. Also their presence in the subsoil underneath a land reclamation project may result in problems with foundation works and unexpected development of voids during or even after construction. 

Several soil treatments and remedial works can be identified for land reclamation projects. Most of these treatments should be accompanied by an appropriate drainage control to prevent (further) development of sinkholes. 

Technical Specifications for land reclamation projects frequently prescribe a density for the fill, which is expressed as a certain percentage of the maximum dry density (MDD) determined at optimum moisture content the relative compaction. The maximum dry density is determined in the laboratory by means of the Proctor compaction test or the more severe modified Proetor compaction test. A sample can be analysed in the laboratory to determine the maximum dry density of the soil, but this gives no information about the aetual density in-situ. Indirect tests from which the results are to be correlated with the relative density are then inevitable, especially for fill material below the water table. 

Semiarid Lands and Deserts Soil Resource and Reclamation, edited by J. Skujin ... 

Power ultrasound can be used for the rehabilitation of industrial sites or the reclamation of polluted land by the removal of chemical and biological contamination from soil. There are two basic mechanisms through which this can occur either via the removal of contaminated material from the surface of soil particles or the leaching out of more deeply entrenched materials. 

Dror I, Gerstl Z, Braester C, Rubin H, Yaron B (2000b) In situ effect of amendments on the dynamics of kerosene dissipation in soil subsurface. Land Contam and Reclam 8 349-356 Dror I, Gerstl Z, Prost R, Yaron B (2002) Abiotic behavior of entrapped petroleum products in the subsurface during leaching. Chemosphere 49 1375-1388... 

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