Soils ketones

Technical chlordane is stable under ultraviolet (UV) light, although some components, such as chlordene, heptachlor, cis-chlordane, and /ram-chlordanc, will form photoisomers under high-intensity UV light in the presence of sensitizers, such as ketones (NRCC 1975 Menzie 1978). Several compounds were measured in alfalfa grown on soils treated with chlordane, including 1,2-... 

This technique has been applied to the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, chloroaliphatic compounds, haloaromatic compounds, acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, mixtures of organic compounds and tetrahydrothiophene in soils, chloroaliphatic and haloaromatic compounds and organotin compounds in non-saline sediments, and organotin compounds in saline sediments. 

For more volatile compounds in soils, such as aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, chloroaliphatic hydrocarbons, haloaromatic hydrocarbons, acetonitrile, acrylonitrile and mixtures of organic compounds a combination of gas chromatography with purge and trap analysis is extremely useful. Pyrolysis gas chromatography has also found several applications, heteroaromatic hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polymers and haloaromatic compounds and this technique has been coupled with mass spectrometry, (aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures of organic compounds). 

This technique has been applied [47] to the determination of ethanol, methylethyl ketone, paraldehyde and acrolein in soils. Following extraction of the soil with methanol and gas purging the purge gas is trapped on a Tenax column. The purgate obtained by heating the Tenax column is analysed by gas chromatography and/or mass spectrometry. 

N-methylcarbamate and N,N -dimethylcarbamates have been determined in soil samples by hydrolyses with sodium bicarbonate and the resulting amines reacted with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2,l,3-Oxadiazole in isobutyl methyl ketone solution to produce fluorescent derivatives [81]. These derivatives were separated by thin layer chromatography on silica gel G or alumina with tetrahydrofuran-chloroform (1 49) as solvent. The fluorescence is then measured in situ (excitation at 436 nm, emission at 528 and 537nm for the derivatives of methylamine and dimethylamine respectively). The... 

Aznarez et al. [2] have described a Spectrophotometric method using curcumin as chromopore for the determination of boron in soil. Boron is extracted from the soil into methyl isobutyl ketone with 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol. In this method 0.2-lg of finely ground soil is digested with 5ml concentrated nitric-perchloric acid (3 + 1) in a polytetrafluoroethylene lined pressure pump for 2h at 150°C. The filtrate is neutralized with 6M sodium hydroxide and diluted to 100ml with hydrochloric acid 1+l.This solution is triple extracted with 10ml of methyl isobutyl ketone to remove iron interference. This solution is then extracted with 10ml 2-methyl pentane-2,4 diol and this extract dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. 

The effect of those ions most frequently present in soils on the boron determinations is shown in Table 12.1. The interference of iron at concentrations higher than 7xlO 5M can be eliminated as the chloro complex by extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone. The total elimination of iron III was not necessary as the phosphoric acid masked the residual iron III in the boric acid-curcumin reaction. 

The persistence of endrin in the environment depends highly on local conditions. Some estimates indicate that endrin can stay in soil for over 10 years. Endrin may also be broken down by exposure to high temperatures (230 °C) or light to form primarily endrin ketone and endrin aldehyde. 

In spite of its low vapor pressure, endrin has been found to volatilize significantly (20-30%) from soils within days after application (Nash 1983). In air, endrin will be primarily absorbed to particulates which may be re-entrained to soil or surface water via wet or dry deposition. Laboratory studies have indicated that a predominant mechanism for the transformation and degradation of endrin in air under field conditions is via photochemical reactions and rearrangements to yield primarily endrin ketone, with minor... 

Endrin ketone may react with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere, with an estimated half-life of 1.5 days (SRC 1995a). Available estimated physical/chemical properties of endrin ketone indicate that this compound will not volatilize from water however, significant bioconcentration in aquatic organisms may occur. In soils and sediments, endrin ketone is predicted to be virtually immobile however, detection of endrin ketone in groundwater and leachate samples at some hazardous waste sites suggests limited mobility of endrin ketone in certain soils (HazDat 1996). No other information could be found in the available literature on the environmental fate of endrin ketone in water, sediment, or soil. 

Past use of endrin as an agricultural pesticide has been the principal source of its release to soils or aquatic sediments. There is also a potential for release of endrin, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone to soils and sediments from hazardous waste sites. Endrin has been detected in soil samples collected at 44 of the 102 NPL sites, and in sediment samples collected at 19 of the 102 NPL sites where endrin has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). Endrin ketone has been detected in soil samples collected at 23 of the 37 NPL sites, and in sediment samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). No information was found on detections of endrin aldehyde in soils or sediments at any NPL hazardous waste site (HazDat 1996). 

The presence of significant concentrations of endrin transformation products (including endrin ketone, endrin aldehyde, and endrin alcohol) in a variety of plants grown in soil treated with endrin for periods as long as 16 years prior to planting (Beall et al. 1972 Nash and Harris 1973) indicates that there may be significant uptake of endrin and/or its transformation products by plants from endrin-treated soil. 

No information could be found in the available literature on the transformation and degradation of endrin ketone in sediment and soil. 

No information was found in the available literature on levels of endrin aldehyde in soil or endrin ketone in sediment or soil. Endrin ketone has been detected in soil samples collected at 23 of the 37 NPL sites and in sediment samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium however, concentrations were not reported (HazDat 1996). 

No information could be found in the available literature on the bioavailability of endrin aldehyde or endrin ketone. This information would be useful for assessing the potential for exposure to these compounds from various environmental media, particularly in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites where endrin ketone has been found in surface water, groundwater, leachate, soil, and sediment (HazDat 1996). 

Although experimental methods for estimation of this parameter for ketones are lacking in the documented literature, an estimated value of -0.588 was reported by Ellington et al. (1993). Its miscibility in water and low Koc and Kow values suggest that acetone adsorption to soil will be nominal (Lyman et al, 1982). 

Biological. Algae isolated from a stagnant fish pond degraded 24.4% of the applied endrin to ketoendrin (Patil et al., 1972). Microbial degradation of endrin in soil formed several ketones and aldehydes of which ketoendrin was the only metabolite identified (Kearney and Kaufman, 1976). In four successive 7-d incubation periods, endrin (5 and 10 mg/L) was recalcitrant to degradation in a settled domestic wastewater inoculum (Tabak et al., 1981). 

Jarsjo J, Destouni G, Yaron B (1994) Retention and volatilization of kerosene Laboratory experiments on glacial and post glacial sods. J Contam Hydrol 17 167-185 Jarsjo J, Destouni G, Yaron B (1997) On the relation between viscosity and hydraulic conductivity values for volatile organic liquid mixtures in soils. J Contam Hydrol 25 113-127 Jensen JL, Hashtroudi H (1976) Base-catalyzed hydration of a, 3-unsaturated ketones. J Organic Chem 41 3299-3302... 

Fig. 9. GC-MS TIC traces for silylated total extracts of soil, river sediment and aerosol samples (a) Amazon Forest soil (Manaus, Brazil) (b) almond orchard agricultural field soil (CA, USA) (c) Harney River sediment in Everglades National Park (FL, USA), and (d) Gosan Island (Korea) aerosol during Asian dust event (April 27—28, 2001). Numbers refer to carbon chain length of homologous series ( = rj-alkane, o = rj-alkanol, A = rj-alkanoic acid, DHA = dehydroabietic acid, ik = isoprenoid ketone, S = sitosterol). 

Hexanone, also known as methyl n-butyl ketone or MBK, is a clear, colorless liquid with a somewhat sharp odor. The liquid form can easily evaporate into the air as a vapor. It is a waste product of wood pulping, coal gasification, and oil shale operations. 2-Hexanone was formerly used in paint and paint thinner and in various chemical substances. However, since it was found to have harmful health effects, it is no longer made in the United States, and its uses have been restricted. There are no known major natural sources of 2-hexanone in the environment. When 2-hexanone is released to rivers or lakes, it dissolves very easily, and it may evaporate into the air in a few days. We do not know if 2-hexanone binds to soil. When 2-hexanone is released to the water, air, or soil, it is probably broken down into smaller products, possibly within a few days. 

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