Fluorescent derivatives

Chlorophylls and their derivatives fluoresce independently from one another and their concentrations can be calculated by equations based on the total fluorescence — the sum of individual fluorescences when together or in mixtures. Equations for 80% acetone, diethyl ether, DMF, methanol and ethanol can be found in literature. 

Stroll and Giger [16] have described a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of detergent derived fluorescent whitening agent isomers in lake sediments. 

Table 4.3 The effect of substituent groups on fluorescence efficiency of naphthalene and its derivatives. Fluorescence quantum yields measured in fluid solution at room temperature...

Hemicyanines are polymethines with an ammonium salt at one end of the chain. Typically these can be pyridinium (3.30), indolenium (3.31a, X = C(CHj)2) and ben-zothiazolium (3.31b, X = S) derivatives. The pyridinium derivatives fluoresce in the long wavelength red region, whilst the others are in the near-infrared, which is a very useful property for certain laser dye outlets and in fluorescent imaging in medical diagnosis and biological probes. 

Stoll, J.-M. A., and W. Giger, Mass balance for detergent-derived fluorescent whitening agents in surface waters of Switzerland , Wat. Res., 32, 2041-2050 (1998). 

Methylcarbamate insecticides have been recently labeled with DNS-C1 [145]. The procedure involves the hydrolysis of the carbamates with 0.1 M sodium carbonate to form a phenol and methylamine [166]. The two hydrolysis products are labeled with DNS-C1 and subsequently detected and determined quantitatively by TLC on silica gel layers by scanning spectrofluorimetry in situ. The reaction conditions were examined, and optimum conditions for hydrolysis and labeling were established [167]. The overall reaction scheme is shown in Fig. 4.62. The phenol derivatives of a number of N-methylcarbamates have been separated by one- and two-dimensional TLC [168], and the fluorescence behaviour and stability of the derivatives have been examined [169]. Most of the DNS derivatives fluoresce at similar wavelengths (excitation, ca. 365 nm emission, ca. 520 nm). The fluorescence spectrum of a typical DNS derivative is shown in Fig. 4.63. The method has been applied successfully to the analysis of low concentrations of carbamates in water and in soil samples with little or no clean-up being required [170,171]. Amounts as low as 1 ng of insecticide can be detected instrumentally. Visual limits of detection are ca. 5-10 ng per spot. 

Although fluorescent calixarenes would be an appropriate section herein, especially as regards nuclear applications, the reader is referred to the recent and exhaustive review Calixarene-derived Fluorescent Probes. 85... 

We have reported here on comparison of the sugar-amine browning fluorescence with oxidative lipid-derived fluorescence to bring out the similarities and differences of the two emissions. The sugar-amine browning fluorescence can also be studied within an antioxidant-containing medium to assess browning potential of the system. 

Shreder KR, Liu Y, Nomanhboy T et al (2004) Design and synthesis of AX7574 a microcystin-derived, fluorescent probe for serine/threonine phosphatases. Bioconjug Chem 15 790-798... 

Aminofluorescein has a low quantum yield of 0.015, whereas its amide derivatives fluoresce strongly. To our knowledge, little more is known about the relationship between the chemical structures of fluorescein derivatives and their fluorescent properties. Our working hypothesis is that the fluorescence properties of fluorescein derivatives are controlled by PeT process from donor moiety (benzoic acid) to acceptor moiety (fluorophore) (Fig. la). 

The principal sources of ultraviolet radiation are carbon arcs, xenon arcs, mercury arcs and derived fluorescent lamps. Comparison of the emission spectra of these light sources with sunlight is shown in Fig. 10 [15]. Energy characteristics of various light sources and their relation to the weatherability of plastics have been discussed by Hirt and Searle [16]. 

J. Keck, M. Roessler, C. Schroeder, G.J. Stueber, F. Waiblinger, M. Stein, D. LeGourrierec, H.E.A. Kramer, H. Hoier, S. Henkel, P. Fischer, H. Port, T. Hirsch, G. Rytz, and P. Hayoz, Ultraviolet Absorbers of the 2-(2-hydroxyaryl)-l,3,5-triazine class and their methoxy derivatives fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray structure analysis, J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 6975-6985. 

Figure 14 Protein-derived fluorescent protein fluorophores. The amino acid residues from which each fluorophore is derived are indicated above that portion of the fluorophore.

F(Mrmula 733. [P(dymer Research Corp. of Am.] Oxazole derivs., fluorescent whitener for textile processing. 

D- and L-amino acids ODS-HC SIL-X-1 20% acetonitrile + 5xl0 M L-proline and ammonium acetate (pH 7.0) with 2.5 x 10 M CuS04-5Hj0 As dansyl derivatives Fluorescence 340/480 nm 104... 

Tinopal RBS-200% Whit- Naphthotriazolisti1 bene mono-ening Agent sulfate derivative. Fluorescent. 

Ueyama, H., Takagi, M., Takenaka, S. (2002). A novel potassium sensing in aqueous media with a synthetic oligonucleotide derivative fluorescence resonance energy transfer associated with guanine quartet-potassium ion complex formation. J Am Chem Soc 124, 14286-14287. 

X 10, as measured in n-propanol (170) the corresponding values for Dns-NH2 are 252 — 1.3 X 10 and 333 = 0.43 X 10 in methanol [7]. The maximun of fluorescence emission is at shorter wavelenght than that of the corresponding Dns derivatives, around 450 nm, with an excitation maximum near 321 nm, whereas Dns derivatives fluorescence maximally at wavelengths about 500 run. 

Advances in coumarin-derived fluorescent chemosensors for metal ions 12COC2690. 

Adenine, cytosine and uracil derivatives fluoresce dark blue and guanine derivatives light blue [64]. 

Achiral boronic acid fluorescence ehemosensors for selective recognition of saccharides were studied by Shinkai and James. The application of boronic acid-derived fluorescent ehemosensors for the detection of various achiral analytes has been reviewed reeently. ... 

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